Merge 6668ecd1701e74305927ddebfe8bdc9712ef741d into cd8dacccc657ae88a741823229ee08c314ab4bd8

vector_conversion's element conversion used Cast_Helper directly, which
only performs exact type matching. For nested vectors like
std::vector<std::vector<double>>, each inner element is a
std::vector<Boxed_Value> that needs its own conversion to
std::vector<double>. Added a recursive convert_vector_element helper
that detects std::vector value types and converts them from
std::vector<Boxed_Value> before falling back to Cast_Helper for
leaf types.

Co-authored-by: leftibot <leftibot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.clang-format

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-# clang-format: 11
+# clang-format: 19
 AccessModifierOffset:                 -2
 AlignAfterOpenBracket:                Align
 AlignConsecutiveBitFields:            false
-AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine:        false
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine:        Always
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine:    true
+AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine:         true
 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine:     Inline
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine:  AllIfsAndElse
 AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine:       All
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine:         true
 AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations:      true
 BasedOnStyle:                         WebKit
 BinPackArguments:                     true
@@ -13,12 +17,14 @@ BreakBeforeBraces:                    Attach
 ColumnLimit:                          0
 Cpp11BracedListStyle:                 true
 FixNamespaceComments:                 true
+IfMacros:                             ['SECTION']
 IncludeBlocks:                        Preserve
 IndentCaseLabels:                     true
 IndentPPDirectives:                   None
 IndentWidth:                          2
 KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks:     false
 NamespaceIndentation:                 All
+PackConstructorInitializers:          CurrentLine
 PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 200
 PenaltyBreakComment:                  5
 PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess:            50
@@ -27,6 +33,10 @@ PointerAlignment:                     Right
 SortIncludes:                         true
 SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword:            false
 SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList:           false
+SpaceBeforeParens:                    Custom
+SpaceBeforeParensOptions:
+  AfterControlStatements:             true
+  AfterIfMacros:                      false
 SpaceInEmptyBlock:                    false
 Standard:                             Latest
 TabWidth:                             2

.github/workflows/auto-clang-format.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+name: auto-clang-format
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+      - master
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: DoozyX/clang-format-lint-action@v0.20
+      with:
+        source: '.'
+        exclude: './third_party ./external ./unittests/catch.hpp'
+        extensions: 'h,cpp,hpp'
+        clangFormatVersion: 19
+        inplace: True
+    - uses: EndBug/add-and-commit@v9
+      with:
+        author_name: Clang Robot
+        author_email: robot@example.com
+        message: ':art: Committing clang-format changes'
+      env:
+        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+name: CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [develop, main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [develop, main]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  linux:
+    name: Linux GCC ${{ matrix.build_type }} threads=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+        multithread: [ON, OFF]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+
+  macos:
+    name: macOS AppleClang ${{ matrix.build_type }} threads=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+        multithread: [ON, OFF]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: brew install ninja
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+
+  linux-sanitizers:
+    name: Linux GCC ASAN+UBSAN ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER=ON -DENABLE_UNDEFINED_SANITIZER=ON
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+
+  macos-sanitizers:
+    name: macOS AppleClang ASAN+UBSAN ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: brew install ninja
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER=ON -DENABLE_UNDEFINED_SANITIZER=ON
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+
+  windows:
+    name: Windows MSVC ${{ matrix.build_type }} threads=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+        multithread: [ON, OFF]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED=${{ matrix.multithread }}
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --config ${{ matrix.build_type }} -j
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure -C ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+
+  linux-tsan:
+    name: Linux GCC TSAN ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER=ON -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED=ON
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+
+  macos-tsan:
+    name: macOS AppleClang TSAN ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Debug, Release]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Ninja
+        run: brew install ninja
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }} -DENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER=ON -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED=ON
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure

.github/workflows/emscripten.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+name: Emscripten
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [develop, main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [develop, main]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  emscripten:
+    name: Emscripten WebAssembly Build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup Emscripten
+        uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@v14
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: emcmake cmake -B build-em -S emscripten -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build-em -j
+
+      - name: Verify artifacts
+        run: |
+          test -f build-em/chaiscript.js
+          test -f build-em/chaiscript.wasm
+          test -f build-em/chaiscript.html
+          echo "All expected artifacts present"
+          ls -lh build-em/chaiscript.*
+
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: chaiscript-web
+          path: |
+            build-em/chaiscript.js
+            build-em/chaiscript.wasm
+            build-em/chaiscript.html
+          retention-days: 90
+
+  publish:
+    name: Publish WASM Release
+    needs: emscripten
+    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/develop' && github.event_name == 'push'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: chaiscript-web
+          path: artifacts
+
+      - name: Publish to wasm-latest release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          # Flatten: artifacts may contain build-em/ subdirectory
+          find artifacts -type f \( -name 'chaiscript.js' -o -name 'chaiscript.wasm' -o -name 'chaiscript.html' \) -exec cp {} . \;
+
+          # Delete existing release if present, then recreate
+          gh release delete wasm-latest --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" -y 2>/dev/null || true
+          gh release create wasm-latest \
+            --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+            --title "ChaiScript WASM Build (latest)" \
+            --notes "Auto-published from develop branch. Built with Emscripten for browser use." \
+            --prerelease \
+            chaiscript.js chaiscript.wasm chaiscript.html

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC)
   endif()
 endif()
 
-if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
+if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang" OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "AppleClang")
   option(ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER "Enable thread sanitizer testing in gcc/clang" FALSE)
   if(ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
     add_definitions(-fsanitize=thread -g)
@@ -87,6 +87,16 @@ if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
   endif()
 
 
+elseif(MSVC)
+  option(ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER "Enable address sanitizer testing in MSVC" FALSE)
+  if(ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
+    add_compile_options(/fsanitize=address)
+    # ASAN is incompatible with /RTC (runtime error checks) and incremental linking
+    string(REGEX REPLACE "/RTC[^ ]*" "" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG}")
+    string(REGEX REPLACE "/RTC[^ ]*" "" CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG}")
+    add_link_options(/INCREMENTAL:NO)
+  endif()
+
 endif()
 
 list(APPEND CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
@@ -282,6 +292,16 @@ endif()
 file(GLOB UNIT_TESTS RELATIVE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/ ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/*.chai ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/3.x/*.chai)
 list(SORT UNIT_TESTS)
 
+if(NOT MULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED)
+  list(REMOVE_ITEM UNIT_TESTS
+    async_engine_lifetime.chai
+    async_return_value.chai
+    future.chai
+    list_push_front.chai
+    move_async.chai
+  )
+endif()
+
 file(GLOB PERFORMANCE_TESTS RELATIVE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/performance_tests/ ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/performance_tests/*.chai)
 list(SORT PERFORMANCE_TESTS)
 
@@ -403,6 +423,9 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
         "CHAI_USE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/"
         "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
       )
+      add_executable(async_engine_lifetime_test unittests/async_engine_lifetime_test.cpp)
+      target_link_libraries(async_engine_lifetime_test ${LIBS})
+      add_test(NAME Async_Engine_Lifetime_Test COMMAND async_engine_lifetime_test)
     endif()
 
     add_executable(multifile_test
@@ -413,6 +436,18 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     target_link_libraries(multifile_test ${LIBS})
     add_test(NAME MultiFile_Test COMMAND multifile_test)
 
+    add_executable(emscripten_eval_test unittests/emscripten_eval_test.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(emscripten_eval_test ${LIBS})
+    add_test(NAME Emscripten_Eval_Test COMMAND emscripten_eval_test)
+
+    add_executable(emscripten_exception_test unittests/emscripten_exception_test.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(emscripten_exception_test ${LIBS})
+    add_test(NAME Emscripten_Exception_Test COMMAND emscripten_exception_test)
+
+    add_executable(threading_config_test unittests/threading_config_test.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(threading_config_test ${LIBS})
+    add_test(NAME Threading_Config_Test COMMAND threading_config_test)
+
     install(TARGETS test_module RUNTIME DESTINATION bin LIBRARY DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/chaiscript")
   endif()
 endif()

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-version: 6.1.x.{build}
-image:
-  - Visual Studio 2019
-environment:
-  matrix:
-  - VS_VERSION: "Visual Studio 16"
-build_script:
-- cmd: >-
-    mkdir build
-
-    cd build
-
-    cmake c:\Projects\chaiscript -G "%VS_VERSION%" -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_MODULES:BOOL=ON
-
-    cmake --build . --config Debug
-test_script:
-- cmd: ctest -C Debug
-notifications:
-- provider: Webhook
-  url: https://webhooks.gitter.im/e/9ff725a985b5679d1d5d
-  on_build_success: true
-  on_build_failure: true
-  on_build_status_changed: false

cheatsheet.md

@@ -16,6 +16,67 @@ chaiscript::ChaiScript chai; // initializes ChaiScript, adding the standard Chai
 
 Note that ChaiScript cannot be used as a global / static object unless it is being compiled with `CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS`.
 
+## Engine Options (`Options`)
+
+Engine-level options control which scripting capabilities are exposed. These are passed as a `std::vector<Options>` to the `ChaiScript` or `ChaiScript_Basic` constructor.
+
+| Option | Effect |
+|--------|--------|
+| `Options::Load_Modules` | Enables `load_module()` in scripts (default) |
+| `Options::No_Load_Modules` | Disables `load_module()` |
+| `Options::External_Scripts` | Enables `use()` and `eval_file()` in scripts (default) |
+| `Options::No_External_Scripts` | Disables `use()` and `eval_file()` |
+
+```cpp
+// Sandboxed engine: no dynamic module loading, no external script evaluation
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai({}, {},
+    {chaiscript::Options::No_Load_Modules, chaiscript::Options::No_External_Scripts});
+```
+
+## Library Options (`Library_Options`)
+
+Library-level options control which parts of the standard library are registered. These are passed as a `std::vector<Library_Options>`.
+
+| Option | Effect |
+|--------|--------|
+| `Library_Options::No_Stdlib` | Disables the entire standard library (types, I/O, prelude, JSON — everything) |
+| `Library_Options::No_IO` | Disables `print_string` and `println_string` (and the prelude's `print`/`puts` wrappers) |
+| `Library_Options::No_Prelude` | Disables the ChaiScript prelude (`print`, `puts`, `filter`, `map`, `foldl`, `join`, etc.) |
+| `Library_Options::No_JSON` | Disables `from_json` and `to_json` |
+
+With the `ChaiScript` convenience class, pass library options as the fourth constructor parameter:
+
+```cpp
+// No I/O functions
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai({}, {}, chaiscript::default_options(),
+    {chaiscript::Library_Options::No_IO});
+
+// No JSON support
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai({}, {}, chaiscript::default_options(),
+    {chaiscript::Library_Options::No_JSON});
+
+// Completely bare engine — no stdlib at all
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai({}, {}, chaiscript::default_options(),
+    {chaiscript::Library_Options::No_Stdlib});
+
+// Combine both: no external scripts and no I/O
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai({}, {},
+    {chaiscript::Options::No_Load_Modules, chaiscript::Options::No_External_Scripts},
+    {chaiscript::Library_Options::No_IO});
+```
+
+With `ChaiScript_Basic`, pass library options directly to `Std_Lib::library()`:
+
+```cpp
+chaiscript::ChaiScript_Basic chai(
+    chaiscript::Std_Lib::library({chaiscript::Library_Options::No_IO}),
+    create_chaiscript_parser(),
+    {}, {},
+    {chaiscript::Options::No_Load_Modules, chaiscript::Options::No_External_Scripts});
+```
+
+Note: `No_Prelude` disables the prelude script which defines convenience functions like `print` (which wraps `print_string`). If you disable the prelude but not I/O, `print_string` and `println_string` are still available.
+
 # Adding Things To The Engine
 
 ## Adding a Function / Method / Member
@@ -153,17 +214,39 @@ This allows you to pass a ChaiScript function to a function requiring `std::vect
 
 ## Adding Objects
 
-```
+### `add` — Thread-Local Scoped Variables
+
+`add` adds an object to the current thread's local scope. The variable is only visible in the
+thread that added it. If the variable already exists in the current scope, it is overwritten.
+
+```cpp
 chai.add(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar");                    // copied in
 chai.add(chaiscript::var(std::ref(somevar)), "somevar");          // by reference, shared between C++ and chai
 auto shareddouble = std::make_shared<double>(4.3);
-chai.add(chaiscript::var(shareddouble), "shareddouble"); // by shared_ptr, shared between c++ and chai
+chai.add(chaiscript::var(shareddouble), "shareddouble");          // by shared_ptr, shared between C++ and chai
 chai.add(chaiscript::const_var(somevar), "somevar");              // copied in and made const
-chai.add_global_const(chaiscript::const_var(somevar), "somevar"); // global const. Throws if value is non-const, throws if object exists
-chai.add_global(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar"); // global non-const, throws if object exists
-chai.set_global(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar"); // global non-const, overwrites existing object
 ```
 
+### `add_global` / `add_global_const` / `set_global` — Global Shared Variables
+
+Global variables are shared between all threads and are visible from any scope (including inside
+functions). Use these when you need a variable accessible everywhere.
+
+```cpp
+chai.add_global_const(chaiscript::const_var(somevar), "somevar"); // global const, throws if value is non-const or object already exists
+chai.add_global(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar");             // global non-const, throws if object already exists
+chai.set_global(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar");             // global non-const, overwrites existing or creates new
+```
+
+### Summary of Differences
+
+| Method | Scope | Thread Safety | If Name Exists |
+|--------|-------|---------------|----------------|
+| `add` | Thread-local, current scope | Not shared between threads | Overwrites |
+| `add_global` | Global, all scopes and threads | Mutex-protected, shared between threads | Throws exception |
+| `add_global_const` | Global, all scopes and threads | Mutex-protected, shared between threads | Throws exception |
+| `set_global` | Global, all scopes and threads | Mutex-protected, shared between threads | Overwrites |
+
 ## Adding Namespaces
 
 Namespaces will not be populated until `import` is called.
@@ -477,34 +560,227 @@ n(2); // returns 20
 
 
 
-## ChaiScript Defined Types
+## ChaiScript Defined Types (Classes)
 
-Define a type called "MyType" with one member value "a" and a getter
+ChaiScript supports user-defined types using the `class` keyword. Classes can have attributes,
+constructors, methods, guards, and operator overloads. There is no inheritance between
+ChaiScript-defined types, but C++ class hierarchies can be exposed (see *Class Hierarchies* above).
 
-### Preferred
+### Class Definition (Block Syntax)
+
+Define a type with attributes, a constructor, and methods inside a `class` block.
+The keywords `var`, `attr`, and `auto` are interchangeable for declaring attributes.
 
 ```
-class MyType {
-  var value;
-  def MyType() { this.value = "a"; }
-  def get_value() { "Value Is: " + this.value; }
-};
+class Rectangle {
+  var width
+  var height
+  def Rectangle(w, h) { this.width = w; this.height = h; }
+  def Rectangle() { this.width = 0; this.height = 0; }
+  def area() { this.width * this.height; }
+}
+
+var r = Rectangle(3, 4)
+print(r.area()) // prints 12
 ```
 
-### Alternative 
+### Class Definition (Open Syntax)
+
+Equivalently, attributes and methods can be defined outside a block using the `TypeName::` prefix.
 
 ```
-attr MyType::value;
-def MyType::MyType() { this.value = "a"; }
-def MyType::get_value() { "Value Is: " + this.value; }
+attr Circle::radius
+def Circle::Circle(r) { this.radius = r; }
+def Circle::circumference() { 2.0 * 3.14159 * this.radius; }
+```
+
+Methods can also be added to an existing class after its initial definition:
+
+```
+def Rectangle::perimeter() { 2 * (this.width + this.height); }
 ```
 
 ### Using
 
 ```
-var m = MyType(); // calls constructor
-print(m.get_value()); // prints "Value Is: a"
-print(get_value(m)); // prints "Value Is: a"
+var m = Rectangle(5, 10)
+print(m.area())       // prints 50 — method call syntax
+print(area(m))        // prints 50 — function call syntax (equivalent)
+```
+
+### Constructor and Method Guards
+
+Constructors and methods can have guard expressions (after `:`) that control which
+overload is selected at call time.
+
+```
+class Clamped {
+  var value
+  def Clamped(x) : x >= 0 { this.value = x; }
+  def Clamped(x) { this.value = 0; }  // fallback when guard fails
+}
+
+Clamped(5).value   // 5
+Clamped(-3).value  // 0
+
+class Abs {
+  var x
+  def Abs(v) { this.x = v; }
+  def get() : this.x >= 0 { this.x; }
+  def get() { -this.x; }
+}
+```
+
+### Operator Overloading
+
+Operators can be overloaded on user-defined types using backtick-quoted operator names.
+
+```
+class Vec2 {
+  var x
+  var y
+  def Vec2(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
+  def `+`(other) { Vec2(this.x + other.x, this.y + other.y); }
+}
+
+var v = Vec2(1, 2) + Vec2(3, 4)  // v.x == 4, v.y == 6
+```
+
+Operators can also be overloaded as free functions with guards:
+
+```
+def `-`(a, b) : is_type(a, "Vec2") && is_type(b, "Vec2") {
+  Vec2(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y)
+}
+```
+
+### Cloning Objects
+
+Use `clone()` to create a deep copy of a ChaiScript-defined object.
+
+```
+var original = Rectangle(10, 20)
+var copy = clone(original)
+copy.width = 99
+print(original.width)  // still 10
+```
+
+## Enums
+
+ChaiScript supports strongly-typed enums using `enum class` (or equivalently `enum struct`),
+matching C++ scoped-enum semantics. Values are accessed via `::` syntax and are type-safe —
+a plain integer cannot be passed where an enum type is expected.
+
+### Basic Definition
+
+```
+enum class Color { Red, Green, Blue }
+```
+
+Values are auto-numbered starting from 0. Access them with `Color::Red`, `Color::Green`, etc.
+
+### Explicit Values
+
+```
+enum class Priority { Low = 10, Medium = 20, High = 30 }
+```
+
+Auto-numbering continues from the last explicit value:
+
+```
+enum class Status { Pending, Active = 5, Done }
+// Pending = 0, Active = 5, Done = 6
+```
+
+### Specifying an Underlying Type
+
+By default the underlying type is `int`. Use `: type` to choose a different numeric type:
+
+```
+enum class Flags : char { Read = 1, Write = 2, Execute = 4 }
+```
+
+The underlying type must be a numeric type registered in ChaiScript. `string` and other
+non-numeric types cannot be used. The available underlying types are:
+
+| Type | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| `int` | (default) signed integer |
+| `unsigned_int` | unsigned integer |
+| `long` | signed long |
+| `unsigned_long` | unsigned long |
+| `long_long` | signed long long |
+| `unsigned_long_long` | unsigned long long |
+| `char` | character (8-bit) |
+| `wchar_t` | wide character |
+| `char16_t` | 16-bit character |
+| `char32_t` | 32-bit character |
+| `float` | single-precision float |
+| `double` | double-precision float |
+| `long_double` | extended-precision float |
+| `size_t` | unsigned size type |
+| `int8_t` | signed 8-bit |
+| `int16_t` | signed 16-bit |
+| `int32_t` | signed 32-bit |
+| `int64_t` | signed 64-bit |
+| `uint8_t` | unsigned 8-bit |
+| `uint16_t` | unsigned 16-bit |
+| `uint32_t` | unsigned 32-bit |
+
+### `enum struct` Syntax
+
+`enum struct` is accepted as a synonym for `enum class`, just like in C++:
+
+```
+enum struct Direction { North, East, South, West }
+```
+
+### Constructing from a Value
+
+Each enum type has a constructor that accepts the underlying type. It validates that the
+value matches one of the defined enumerators:
+
+```
+auto c = Color::Color(1)       // creates Color::Green
+Color::Color(52)               // throws: invalid value
+```
+
+### `to_underlying`
+
+Convert an enum value back to its underlying numeric type:
+
+```
+Color::Red.to_underlying()     // 0
+Priority::High.to_underlying() // 30
+```
+
+### Comparison
+
+`==` and `!=` are defined for values of the same enum type:
+
+```
+assert_true(Color::Red == Color::Red)
+assert_true(Color::Red != Color::Green)
+```
+
+### Type-Safe Dispatch
+
+Functions declared with an enum parameter type reject plain integers:
+
+```
+def handle(Color c) { /* ... */ }
+handle(Color::Red)    // ok
+handle(42)            // throws: dispatch error
+```
+
+### Using with `switch`
+
+```
+switch(Color::Green) {
+  case (Color::Red) { print("red"); break }
+  case (Color::Green) { print("green"); break }
+  case (Color::Blue) { print("blue"); break }
+}
 ```
 
 ## Dynamic Objects
@@ -553,6 +829,94 @@ class My_Class {
 };
 ```
 
+## Strong Typedefs
+
+Strong typedefs create distinct types that are not interchangeable with their underlying type
+or with other typedefs of the same underlying type. They use `Dynamic_Object` internally and
+automatically expose operators that the underlying type supports.
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```
+using Meters = int
+using Seconds = int
+
+var d = Meters(100)
+var t = Seconds(10)
+
+// d and t are distinct types — you cannot accidentally mix them
+// Meters + Seconds would require an explicit conversion
+```
+
+### Arithmetic and Comparison
+
+Operators from the underlying type are forwarded and remain strongly typed:
+
+```
+using Meters = int
+
+var a = Meters(10)
+var b = Meters(20)
+
+var c = a + b        // Meters(30) — result is still Meters
+var bigger = b > a   // true — comparisons return bool
+
+// Compound assignment operators work too
+a += b               // a is now Meters(30)
+```
+
+### String-Based Strong Typedefs
+
+Strong typedefs work with any type, not just numeric types:
+
+```
+using Name = string
+
+var n = Name("Alice")
+var greeting = Name("Hello, ") + Name("world")  // Name — string concatenation is forwarded
+```
+
+### Accessing the Underlying Value
+
+Use `to_underlying` to extract the wrapped value:
+
+```
+using Meters = int
+
+var d = Meters(42)
+var raw = to_underlying(d)  // 42, plain int
+```
+
+### Extending Strong Typedefs
+
+You can add custom operations to strong typedefs just like any other ChaiScript type:
+
+```
+using Meters = int
+using Seconds = int
+using MetersPerSecond = int
+
+def speed(Meters d, Seconds t) {
+  MetersPerSecond(to_underlying(d) / to_underlying(t))
+}
+
+var s = speed(Meters(100), Seconds(10))  // MetersPerSecond(10)
+```
+
+You can also overload operators between different strong typedefs:
+
+```
+using Meters = int
+using Feet = int
+
+def to_feet(Meters m) {
+  Feet((to_underlying(m) * 328) / 100)
+}
+
+var m = Meters(10)
+var f = to_feet(m)  // Feet(32)
+```
+
 ## method_missing
 
 A function of the signature `method_missing(object, name, param1, param2, param3)` will be called if an appropriate
@@ -593,10 +957,213 @@ use("filename") // evals file exactly once and returns value of last statement
 
 Both `use` and `eval_file` search the 'usepaths' passed to the ChaiScript constructor
 
+## Reflection and Introspection
+
+ChaiScript provides built-in reflection capabilities for inspecting types, functions, and objects at runtime.
+
+### Type Inspection
+
+```
+type_name(x)            // returns the type name of a value as a string
+is_type(x, "typename")  // returns true if x is of the named type
+type("typename")        // returns a Type_Info object for the named type
+
+// Examples
+type_name(1)            // "int"
+type_name("hello")      // "string"
+is_type(1, "int")       // true
+is_type(1, "string")    // false
+```
+
+### Object Inspection Methods
+
+Every object in ChaiScript supports these methods:
+
+```
+x.get_type_info()     // returns a Type_Info object for the value
+x.is_type("string")   // returns true if x is of the named type
+x.is_type(string_type) // returns true if x matches the Type_Info
+x.is_var_const()      // returns true if x is immutable
+x.is_var_null()       // returns true if x is a null pointer
+x.is_var_pointer()    // returns true if x is stored as a pointer
+x.is_var_reference()  // returns true if x is stored as a reference
+x.is_var_undef()      // returns true if x is undefined
+```
+
+### Type_Info
+
+`Type_Info` objects describe a type. You can get them via `type("typename")` or `x.get_type_info()`.
+
+```
+var ti = type("int")
+ti.name()              // ChaiScript registered name, e.g. "int"
+ti.cpp_name()          // mangled C++ type name
+ti.cpp_bare_name()     // C++ name without const/pointer/reference
+ti.bare_equal(other)   // true if types match ignoring const/ptr/ref
+ti.is_type_const()     // true if type is const
+ti.is_type_reference() // true if type is a reference
+ti.is_type_void()      // true if type is void
+ti.is_type_undef()     // true if type is undefined
+ti.is_type_pointer()   // true if type is a pointer
+ti.is_type_arithmetic() // true if type is arithmetic (int, double, etc.)
+```
+
+Built-in type constants are available: `int_type`, `double_type`, `string_type`, `bool_type`, `Object_type`, `Function_type`, `vector_type`, `map_type`.
+
+### Function Introspection
+
+Function objects support these introspection methods:
+
+```
+f.get_arity()                // number of parameters (-1 for variadic)
+f.get_param_types()          // Vector of Type_Info (first element is return type)
+f.get_contained_functions()  // Vector of overloaded functions (empty if not a conglomerate)
+f.has_guard()                // true if the function has a guard condition
+f.get_guard()                // returns the guard function (throws if none)
+f.get_annotation()           // returns the annotation description
+f.call([param1, param2])     // call the function with a vector of parameters
+
+// Examples
+def my_func(a, b) { return a + b; }
+my_func.get_arity()          // 2
+my_func.has_guard()          // false
+
+def guarded(x) : x > 0 { return x; }
+guarded.has_guard()          // true
+guarded.get_guard().get_arity() // 1
+
+// Calling functions dynamically
+`+`.call([1, 2])             // 3
+```
+
+### System Introspection
+
+```
+get_functions()        // returns a Map of all registered functions (name -> function)
+get_objects()          // returns a Map of all scripting objects (name -> value)
+function_exists("f")   // returns true if a function named "f" is registered
+call_exists(`f`, args) // returns true if f can be called with the given args
+dump_system()          // prints all registered functions to stdout
+dump_object(x)         // prints information about a value to stdout
+
+// Examples
+var funcs = get_functions()
+funcs["print"]                  // the print function object
+function_exists("print")        // true
+call_exists(`+`, 1, 2)          // true
+```
+
+### Dynamic_Object Reflection
+
+ChaiScript-defined classes are Dynamic_Objects internally. They support:
+
+```
+obj.get_type_name()    // returns the ChaiScript class name (e.g. "MyClass")
+obj.get_attrs()        // returns a Map of all attributes
+obj.has_attr("name")   // returns true if the attribute exists
+obj.get_attr("name")   // returns the value of the attribute
+obj.set_explicit(true) // disables dynamic attribute creation
+obj.is_explicit()      // returns true if explicit mode is enabled
+
+// Example
+class MyClass {
+  var x
+  def MyClass() { this.x = 10; }
+}
+var m = MyClass()
+m.get_type_name()      // "MyClass"
+m.get_attrs()          // map containing "x" -> 10
+type_name(m)           // "Dynamic_Object" (the underlying C++ type)
+m.is_type("MyClass")   // true (checks the ChaiScript class name)
+```
+
 ## JSON
 
  * `from_json` converts a JSON string into its strongly typed (map, vector, int, double, string) representations
  * `to_json` converts a ChaiScript object (either a `Object` or one of map, vector, int, double, string) tree into its JSON string representation
  
+## IO Redirection
+
+By default, ChaiScript's `print()` and `puts()` functions write to stdout. You can redirect
+output on a per-instance basis by setting a single print handler. Both `println_string`
+(used by `print()`) and `print_string` (used by `puts()`) dispatch through the same handler —
+`println_string` simply appends a newline before calling it.
+
+```cpp
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+
+// Redirect all output (print_string and println_string both use this handler)
+chai.set_print_handler([](const std::string &s) {
+  my_log_window.append(s);
+});
+```
+
+This is useful for embedding ChaiScript in GUI applications, logging frameworks, or any
+context where stdout is not the desired output destination.
+
+```cpp
+// Example: capture all output to a string
+std::string captured;
+chai.set_print_handler([&captured](const std::string &s) {
+  captured += s;
+});
+
+chai.eval("print(42)");    // captured == "42\n"
+chai.eval("puts(\"hi\")"); // captured == "42\nhi"
+```
+
+The print handler can also be set from within ChaiScript itself via `set_print_handler`:
+
+```chaiscript
+// Redirect output from within a script
+set_print_handler(fun(s) { my_custom_log(s) })
+```
+
+## Custom File Loading
+
+By default, ChaiScript reads files from the filesystem when `eval_file()` or `use()` is called.
+You can override this behavior on a per-instance basis by setting a custom file reader callback.
+This follows the same pattern as `set_print_handler` and enables use cases such as encrypted
+script files, in-memory virtual filesystems, or platform-specific file access (e.g., Android assets).
+
+```cpp
+chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+
+// Provide scripts from an in-memory map instead of the filesystem
+std::map<std::string, std::string> virtual_fs = {
+  {"init.chai", "var x = 42"},
+  {"utils.chai", "def add(a, b) { a + b }"}
+};
+
+chai.set_file_reader([&virtual_fs](const std::string &filename) -> std::string {
+  const auto it = virtual_fs.find(filename);
+  if (it != virtual_fs.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  throw chaiscript::exception::file_not_found_error(filename);
+});
+
+chai.eval_file("init.chai"); // evaluates "var x = 42"
+chai.use("utils.chai");      // evaluates "def add(a, b) { a + b }"
+```
+
+The file reader can also be set from within ChaiScript itself via `set_file_reader`:
+
+```chaiscript
+// Override file loading from within a script
+set_file_reader(fun(filename) { return my_custom_read(filename) })
+```
+
+When no custom file reader is set, ChaiScript uses its built-in filesystem reader.
+
 ## Extras
 ChaiScript itself does not provide a link to the math functions defined in `<cmath>`. You can either add them yourself, or use the [ChaiScript_Extras](https://github.com/ChaiScript/ChaiScript_Extras) helper library. (Which also provides some additional string functions.)
+
+## Grammar Railroad Diagrams
+
+A formal EBNF grammar for ChaiScript is available in [`grammar/chaiscript.ebnf`](grammar/chaiscript.ebnf). You can visualize it as navigable railroad diagrams by pasting its contents into one of these tools:
+
+  * [rr — Railroad Diagram Generator (IPv6)](https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui)
+  * [rr — Railroad Diagram Generator (IPv4)](https://rr.red-dove.com/ui)
+
+Open either link, switch to the **Edit Grammar** tab, paste the file contents, then click **View Diagram**.

emscripten/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Emscripten/WebAssembly build for ChaiScript
+# Based on work by Rob Loach: https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js
+#
+# Usage:
+#   emcmake cmake -B build-em -S emscripten
+#   cmake --build build-em
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12)
+project(chaiscript_em)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+
+# Emscripten-specific compiler/linker flags
+add_definitions(-DCHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS -DCHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD)
+
+add_executable(chaiscript chaiscript_em.cpp)
+target_include_directories(chaiscript PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../include)
+
+# Enable WASM exception handling — ChaiScript relies on C++ exceptions for
+# error propagation; without this flag exceptions cause an abort in WASM.
+target_compile_options(chaiscript PRIVATE -fwasm-exceptions)
+
+# Emscripten link flags: enable embind, allow memory growth, export as ES module-compatible
+target_link_options(chaiscript PRIVATE
+  --bind
+  -fwasm-exceptions
+  -sALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1
+  -sEXPORT_ES6=0
+  -sMODULARIZE=0
+  -sINVOKE_RUN=0
+)
+
+# Copy the HTML shell to the build output directory
+add_custom_command(TARGET chaiscript POST_BUILD
+  COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/chaiscript.html
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/chaiscript.html
+  COMMENT "Copying HTML frontend to build directory"
+)

emscripten/chaiscript.html

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<!--
+  ChaiScript Emscripten Frontend
+  Based on work by Rob Loach: https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js
+  Copyright 2019, Rob Loach
+  Copyright 2009-2018, Jason Turner
+  Licensed under the BSD License. See "license.txt" for details.
+-->
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+  <title>ChaiScript</title>
+  <style>
+    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
+    body {
+      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+      background: #1a1a2e;
+      color: #e0e0e0;
+      min-height: 100vh;
+      display: flex;
+      flex-direction: column;
+    }
+    header {
+      background: #16213e;
+      padding: 1rem 2rem;
+      border-bottom: 2px solid #0f3460;
+      display: flex;
+      align-items: center;
+      gap: 1rem;
+    }
+    header h1 {
+      font-size: 1.5rem;
+      color: #e94560;
+      font-weight: 700;
+    }
+    header span {
+      font-size: 0.85rem;
+      color: #888;
+    }
+    #status {
+      margin-left: auto;
+      font-size: 0.85rem;
+      padding: 0.3rem 0.8rem;
+      border-radius: 4px;
+      background: #0f3460;
+    }
+    #status.ready { color: #4ecca3; }
+    #status.loading { color: #e9c46a; }
+    #status.error { color: #e94560; }
+    main {
+      flex: 1;
+      display: flex;
+      gap: 0;
+    }
+    .panel {
+      flex: 1;
+      display: flex;
+      flex-direction: column;
+      min-width: 0;
+    }
+    .panel-header {
+      background: #16213e;
+      padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+      font-size: 0.8rem;
+      text-transform: uppercase;
+      letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+      color: #888;
+      border-bottom: 1px solid #0f3460;
+    }
+    #input {
+      flex: 1;
+      background: #0d1117;
+      color: #c9d1d9;
+      border: none;
+      padding: 1rem;
+      font-family: "SF Mono", "Fira Code", "Fira Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
+      font-size: 0.9rem;
+      line-height: 1.6;
+      resize: none;
+      outline: none;
+      tab-size: 2;
+    }
+    .divider {
+      width: 2px;
+      background: #0f3460;
+    }
+    #output {
+      flex: 1;
+      background: #0d1117;
+      padding: 1rem;
+      font-family: "SF Mono", "Fira Code", "Fira Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
+      font-size: 0.9rem;
+      line-height: 1.6;
+      overflow-y: auto;
+      white-space: pre-wrap;
+      word-break: break-all;
+    }
+    .output-line { color: #c9d1d9; }
+    .output-error { color: #e94560; }
+    footer {
+      background: #16213e;
+      padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+      display: flex;
+      gap: 0.5rem;
+      align-items: center;
+      border-top: 2px solid #0f3460;
+    }
+    button {
+      background: #e94560;
+      color: #fff;
+      border: none;
+      padding: 0.4rem 1.2rem;
+      border-radius: 4px;
+      cursor: pointer;
+      font-size: 0.85rem;
+      font-weight: 600;
+    }
+    button:hover { background: #c73652; }
+    button:disabled { background: #555; cursor: not-allowed; }
+    #btn-clear {
+      background: #0f3460;
+    }
+    #btn-clear:hover { background: #1a4a8a; }
+    .hint {
+      margin-left: auto;
+      font-size: 0.75rem;
+      color: #555;
+    }
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <header>
+    <h1>ChaiScript</h1>
+    <span>Interactive Playground</span>
+    <div id="status" class="loading">Loading...</div>
+  </header>
+  <main>
+    <div class="panel">
+      <div class="panel-header">Input</div>
+      <textarea id="input" spellcheck="false">// Welcome to ChaiScript!
+// Write your code here and click Run (or press Ctrl+Enter).
+
+def greet(name) {
+  return "Hello, " + name + "!"
+}
+
+print(greet("World"))
+print(greet("ChaiScript"))
+
+// Math example
+def factorial(n) {
+  if (n <= 1) { return 1 }
+  return n * factorial(n - 1)
+}
+
+print("5! = " + to_string(factorial(5)))
+print("10! = " + to_string(factorial(10)))
+</textarea>
+    </div>
+    <div class="divider"></div>
+    <div class="panel">
+      <div class="panel-header">Output</div>
+      <div id="output"></div>
+    </div>
+  </main>
+  <footer>
+    <button id="btn-run" disabled>Run</button>
+    <button id="btn-clear">Clear</button>
+    <span class="hint">Ctrl+Enter to run</span>
+  </footer>
+
+  <script>
+    var outputEl = document.getElementById('output');
+    var inputEl = document.getElementById('input');
+    var btnRun = document.getElementById('btn-run');
+    var btnClear = document.getElementById('btn-clear');
+    var statusEl = document.getElementById('status');
+
+    function appendOutput(text, className) {
+      var line = document.createElement('div');
+      line.className = className || 'output-line';
+      line.textContent = text;
+      outputEl.appendChild(line);
+      outputEl.scrollTop = outputEl.scrollHeight;
+    }
+
+    var Module = {
+      print: function(text) {
+        appendOutput(text);
+      },
+      printErr: function(text) {
+        appendOutput(text, 'output-error');
+      },
+      onRuntimeInitialized: function() {
+        statusEl.textContent = 'Ready';
+        statusEl.className = 'ready';
+        btnRun.disabled = false;
+      }
+    };
+
+    function runCode() {
+      var code = inputEl.value;
+      if (!code.trim()) return;
+
+      appendOutput('> Running...', 'output-line');
+      try {
+        Module.eval(code);
+      } catch (e) {
+        appendOutput('Error: ' + e.message, 'output-error');
+      }
+      appendOutput('', 'output-line');
+    }
+
+    btnRun.addEventListener('click', runCode);
+    btnClear.addEventListener('click', function() {
+      outputEl.innerHTML = '';
+    });
+
+    inputEl.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
+      if (e.ctrlKey && e.key === 'Enter') {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        runCode();
+      }
+      // Tab key inserts spaces
+      if (e.key === 'Tab') {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        var start = this.selectionStart;
+        var end = this.selectionEnd;
+        this.value = this.value.substring(0, start) + '  ' + this.value.substring(end);
+        this.selectionStart = this.selectionEnd = start + 2;
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+  <script src="chaiscript.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>

emscripten/chaiscript_em.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2019, Rob Loach (https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js)
+// Copyright 2009-2018, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+//
+// Emscripten/WebAssembly wrapper for ChaiScript.
+// Based on work by Rob Loach: https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js
+
+#include "chaiscript_eval.hpp"
+
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten/bind.h>
+
+EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(chaiscript) {
+  emscripten::function("eval", &chaiscript_eval);
+  emscripten::function("evalString", &chaiscript_eval_string);
+  emscripten::function("evalBool", &chaiscript_eval_bool);
+  emscripten::function("evalInt", &chaiscript_eval_int);
+  emscripten::function("evalFloat", &chaiscript_eval_float);
+  emscripten::function("evalDouble", &chaiscript_eval_double);
+}
+#endif

emscripten/chaiscript_eval.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2019, Rob Loach (https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js)
+// Copyright 2009-2018, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+// Shared eval helper functions for the ChaiScript Emscripten wrapper.
+// These functions provide typed evaluation of ChaiScript expressions,
+// used by both the Emscripten/WebAssembly build and native tests.
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_EMSCRIPTEN_EVAL_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_EMSCRIPTEN_EVAL_HPP_
+
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace detail {
+  inline chaiscript::ChaiScript &get_chai_instance() {
+    static chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+    return chai;
+  }
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void chaiscript_eval(const std::string &input) {
+  detail::get_chai_instance().eval(input);
+}
+
+inline std::string chaiscript_eval_string(const std::string &input) {
+  return detail::get_chai_instance().eval<std::string>(input);
+}
+
+inline bool chaiscript_eval_bool(const std::string &input) {
+  return detail::get_chai_instance().eval<bool>(input);
+}
+
+inline int chaiscript_eval_int(const std::string &input) {
+  return detail::get_chai_instance().eval<int>(input);
+}
+
+inline float chaiscript_eval_float(const std::string &input) {
+  return detail::get_chai_instance().eval<float>(input);
+}
+
+inline double chaiscript_eval_double(const std::string &input) {
+  return detail::get_chai_instance().eval<double>(input);
+}
+
+#endif /* CHAISCRIPT_EMSCRIPTEN_EVAL_HPP_ */

grammar/chaiscript.ebnf

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * ChaiScript Grammar — EBNF for Railroad Diagram Generation
+ *
+ * View as navigable railroad diagrams at:
+ *    https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui  (IPv6)
+ *    https://rr.red-dove.com/ui       (IPv4)
+ *
+ * Copy and paste this file into the 'Edit Grammar' tab, then
+ * click 'View Diagram'.
+ *
+ * This grammar uses the notation accepted by
+ * https://github.com/GuntherRademacher/rr :
+ *   - "::=" as rule separator
+ *   - no semicolon at end of rule
+ *   - "?" "+" "*" for repetition
+ *   - C comments
+ */
+
+/* ---- Top-level ---- */
+
+statements           ::= ( def | try | if | while | class | enum
+                           | for | switch | return | break | continue
+                           | equation | block | eol )+
+
+/* ---- Functions ---- */
+
+def                  ::= "def" id ( "::" id )? "(" decl_arg_list ")" eol*
+                           ( ":" guard )? eol* block
+
+lambda               ::= "fun" ( "[" id_arg_list "]" )? "(" decl_arg_list ")" eol* block
+
+guard                ::= operator
+
+/* ---- Exception handling ---- */
+
+try                  ::= "try" eol* block catch* finally?
+catch                ::= "catch" ( "(" arg ")" )? eol* block
+finally              ::= "finally" eol* block
+
+/* ---- Control flow ---- */
+
+if                   ::= "if" "(" equation ( eol equation )? ")" eol* block
+                           ( "else" ( if | eol* block ) )*
+
+while                ::= "while" "(" operator ")" eol* block
+
+for                  ::= "for" "(" ( for_guards | equation ":" equation ) ")" eol* block
+for_guards           ::= equation eol equation eol equation
+
+switch               ::= "switch" "(" operator ")" eol* "{" ( case | default )+ "}"
+case                 ::= "case" "(" operator ")" eol* block
+default              ::= "default" eol* block
+
+/* ---- Classes ---- */
+
+class                ::= "class" id ( ":" id )? eol* class_block
+class_block          ::= "{" class_statements* "}"
+class_statements     ::= def | var_decl | eol
+
+/* ---- Enums ---- */
+
+enum                 ::= "enum" ( "class" | "struct" ) id ( ":" underlying_type )?
+                           "{" enum_entries? "}"
+
+enum_entries         ::= enum_entry ( "," enum_entry )*
+
+enum_entry           ::= id ( "=" integer )?
+
+underlying_type      ::= id
+
+
+/* ---- Blocks & flow keywords ---- */
+
+block                ::= "{" statements* "}"
+return               ::= "return" operator?
+break                ::= "break"
+continue             ::= "continue"
+
+/* ---- Line termination ---- */
+
+eol                  ::= "\n" | "\r\n" | ";"
+
+/* ---- Equations & operators ---- */
+
+equation             ::= operator ( ( "=" | ":=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/="
+                           | "%=" | "<<=" | ">>=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|=" )
+                           equation )?
+
+operator             ::= prefix
+                       | value
+                       | operator binary_operator operator
+                       | operator "?" operator ":" operator
+
+prefix               ::= ( "++" | "--" | "-" | "+" | "!" | "~" ) operator
+
+binary_operator      ::= "||" | "&&"
+                       | "|" | "^" | "&"
+                       | "==" | "!="
+                       | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">="
+                       | "<<" | ">>"
+                       | "+" | "-"
+                       | "*" | "/" | "%"
+
+/* ---- Values & access ---- */
+
+value                ::= var_decl | dot_fun_array | prefix
+
+dot_fun_array        ::= ( lambda | num | quoted_string
+                           | single_quoted_string | raw_string
+                           | paren_expression | inline_container
+                           | id )
+                           ( fun_call | array_call | dot_access )*
+
+fun_call             ::= "(" arg_list ")"
+array_call           ::= "[" operator "]"
+dot_access           ::= "." id
+
+/* ---- Variable declarations ---- */
+
+var_decl             ::= ( "auto" | "var" | "const" ) ( reference | id )
+                       | "global" ( reference | id )
+                       | "attr" id ( "::" id )?
+
+reference            ::= "&" id
+
+/* ---- Parenthesised & inline containers ---- */
+
+paren_expression     ::= "(" operator ")"
+
+inline_container     ::= "[" container_arg_list "]"
+container_arg_list   ::= value_range
+                       | map_pair ( "," map_pair )*
+                       | operator ( "," operator )*
+
+value_range          ::= operator ".." operator
+map_pair             ::= operator ":" operator
+
+/* ---- String literals ---- */
+
+quoted_string        ::= '"' ( char | escape | interpolation )* '"'
+single_quoted_string ::= "'" ( char | escape ) "'"
+raw_string           ::= 'R"' delimiter? "(" char* ")" delimiter? '"'
+delimiter            ::= [a-zA-Z0-9_]+
+interpolation        ::= "${" equation "}"
+
+/* ---- Escape sequences ---- */
+
+escape               ::= "\" ( "'" | '"' | "?" | "\" | "a" | "b"
+                           | "f" | "n" | "r" | "t" | "v" | "$"
+                           | "0"
+                           | "x" hex_digit+
+                           | "u" hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit
+                           | "U" hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit
+                               hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit
+                           | octal_digit+ )
+
+/* ---- Argument lists ---- */
+
+id_arg_list          ::= id ( "," id )*
+decl_arg_list        ::= ( arg ( "," arg )* )?
+arg_list             ::= ( equation ( "," equation )* )?
+arg                  ::= id id?
+
+/* ---- Identifiers ---- */
+
+id                   ::= ( [a-zA-Z_] [a-zA-Z0-9_]* )
+                       | ( "`" [^`]+ "`" )
+                       | "true" | "false"
+                       | "Infinity" | "NaN"
+                       | "_"
+                       | "__LINE__" | "__FILE__" | "__FUNC__" | "__CLASS__"
+
+/* ---- Numeric literals ---- */
+
+num                  ::= hex | binary | float | integer
+
+hex                  ::= "0" ( "x" | "X" ) [0-9a-fA-F]+ int_suffix*
+binary               ::= "0" ( "b" | "B" ) [01]+ int_suffix*
+float                ::= [0-9]+ "." [0-9]+ ( ( "e" | "E" ) ( "+" | "-" )? [0-9]+ )? float_suffix?
+integer              ::= [0-9]+ int_suffix*
+
+int_suffix           ::= "l" | "L" | "ll" | "LL" | "u" | "U"
+float_suffix         ::= "l" | "L" | "f" | "F"
+
+/* ---- Character classes ---- */
+
+octal_digit          ::= [0-7]
+hex_digit            ::= [0-9a-fA-F]
+char                 ::= [^"\]

include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp

@@ -824,12 +824,14 @@ namespace chaiscript {
   public:
     ChaiScript(std::vector<std::string> t_modulepaths = {},
                std::vector<std::string> t_usepaths = {},
-               std::vector<Options> t_opts = chaiscript::default_options())
-        : ChaiScript_Basic(chaiscript::Std_Lib::library(),
+               std::vector<Options> t_opts = chaiscript::default_options(),
+               std::vector<Library_Options> t_lib_opts = {})
+        : ChaiScript_Basic(chaiscript::Std_Lib::library(t_lib_opts),
                            std::make_unique<parser::ChaiScript_Parser<eval::Noop_Tracer, optimizer::Optimizer_Default>>(),
                            std::move(t_modulepaths),
                            std::move(t_usepaths),
-                           std::move(t_opts)) {
+                           std::move(t_opts),
+                           std::find(t_lib_opts.begin(), t_lib_opts.end(), Library_Options::No_IO) != t_lib_opts.end()) {
     }
   };
 } // namespace chaiscript

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_defines.hpp

@@ -211,6 +211,13 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     External_Scripts
   };
 
+  enum class Library_Options {
+    No_Stdlib,
+    No_IO,
+    No_Prelude,
+    No_JSON
+  };
+
   template<typename From, typename To>
   struct is_nothrow_forward_constructible : std::bool_constant<noexcept(To{std::declval<From>()})> {
   };

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 
 #include "dispatchkit/function_call.hpp"
 
-//#include "dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp"
+// #include "dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/operators.hpp"
-//#include "dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
+// #include "dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/register_function.hpp"
 #include "language/chaiscript_prelude.hpp"
 #include "utility/json_wrap.hpp"
@@ -38,9 +38,18 @@
 namespace chaiscript {
   class Std_Lib {
   public:
-    [[nodiscard]] static ModulePtr library() {
+    [[nodiscard]] static ModulePtr library(const std::vector<Library_Options> &t_opts = {}) {
+      if (std::find(t_opts.begin(), t_opts.end(), Library_Options::No_Stdlib) != t_opts.end()) {
+        return std::make_shared<Module>();
+      }
+
       auto lib = std::make_shared<Module>();
-      bootstrap::Bootstrap::bootstrap(*lib);
+
+      const bool no_io = std::find(t_opts.begin(), t_opts.end(), Library_Options::No_IO) != t_opts.end();
+      const bool no_prelude = std::find(t_opts.begin(), t_opts.end(), Library_Options::No_Prelude) != t_opts.end();
+      const bool no_json = std::find(t_opts.begin(), t_opts.end(), Library_Options::No_JSON) != t_opts.end();
+
+      bootstrap::Bootstrap::bootstrap(*lib, no_io);
 
       bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value>>("Vector", *lib);
       bootstrap::standard_library::string_type<std::string>("string", *lib);
@@ -49,14 +58,17 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
       bootstrap::standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future", *lib);
-      lib->add(chaiscript::fun(
-                   [](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value()> &t_func) { return std::async(std::launch::async, t_func); }),
-               "async");
+      // Note: async() is registered in ChaiScript_Basic::build_eval_system()
+      // with thread tracking to prevent heap-use-after-free on engine destruction.
 #endif
 
+      if (!no_json) {
         json_wrap::library(*lib);
+      }
 
+      if (!no_prelude) {
         lib->eval(ChaiScript_Prelude::chaiscript_prelude() /*, "standard prelude"*/);
+      }
 
       return lib;
     }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp

@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap {
 
     m.add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
     m.add(fun([](const T t) { return t; }), "to_" + name);
+    m.add(fun([](const Boxed_Number &bn) { return bn.get_as<T>(); }), "to_" + name);
+    m.add(fun(&parse_string<T>), name);
   }
 
   /// "clone" function for a shared_ptr type. This is used in the case
@@ -266,8 +268,8 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap {
   public:
     /// \brief perform all common bootstrap functions for std::string, void and POD types
     /// \param[in,out] m Module to add bootstrapped functions to
-    /// \returns passed in Module
-    static void bootstrap(Module &m) {
+    /// \param[in] t_no_io If true, skip registering print_string and println_string
+    static void bootstrap(Module &m, const bool t_no_io = false) {
       m.add(user_type<void>(), "void");
       m.add(user_type<bool>(), "bool");
       m.add(user_type<Boxed_Value>(), "Object");
@@ -435,8 +437,10 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap {
       m.add(fun(&Build_Info::compiler_id), "compiler_id");
       m.add(fun(&Build_Info::debug_build), "debug_build");
 
-      m.add(fun(&print), "print_string");
-      m.add(fun(&println), "println_string");
+      // print_string and println_string are registered in ChaiScript_Basic::build_eval_system()
+      // to support per-instance IO redirection via set_print_handler.
+      // When No_IO is set, the functions are still registered but the default handler
+      // is a no-op, so users can provide their own print handlers without any stdout output.
 
       m.add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <typeinfo>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -84,6 +85,15 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
       return t_target.count(t_key);
     }
 
+    template<typename T>
+    Boxed_Value find(const T &t_target, const typename T::key_type &t_key) {
+      const auto itr = t_target.find(t_key);
+      if (itr != t_target.end()) {
+        return Boxed_Value(itr->second);
+      }
+      return Boxed_Value();
+    }
+
     template<typename T>
     void insert(T &t_target, const T &t_other) {
       t_target.insert(t_other.begin(), t_other.end());
@@ -170,18 +180,22 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
   /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Assignable.html
   template<typename ContainerType>
   void assignable_type(const std::string &type, Module &m) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<typename ContainerType::value_type>) {
       copy_constructor<ContainerType>(type, m);
       operators::assign<ContainerType>(m);
     }
+  }
 
   /// Add container resize concept to the given ContainerType
   /// http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/
   template<typename ContainerType>
   void resizable_type(const std::string & /*type*/, Module &m) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<typename ContainerType::value_type>) {
       m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a, typename ContainerType::size_type n, const typename ContainerType::value_type &val) {
               return a->resize(n, val);
             }),
             "resize");
+    }
     m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a, typename ContainerType::size_type n) { return a->resize(n); }), "resize");
   }
 
@@ -213,6 +227,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
   /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Sequence.html
   template<typename ContainerType>
   void sequence_type(const std::string & /*type*/, Module &m) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<typename ContainerType::value_type>) {
       m.add(fun(&detail::insert_at<ContainerType>), []() -> std::string {
         if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
           return "insert_ref_at";
@@ -220,6 +235,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
           return "insert_at";
         }
       }());
+    }
 
     m.add(fun(&detail::erase_at<ContainerType>), "erase_at");
   }
@@ -245,6 +261,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
           }),
           "back");
 
+    if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<typename ContainerType::value_type>) {
       using push_back = void (ContainerType::*)(const typename ContainerType::value_type &);
       m.add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)), [&]() -> std::string {
         if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
@@ -266,6 +283,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
           return "push_back";
         }
       }());
+    }
 
     m.add(fun(&ContainerType::pop_back), "pop_back");
   }
@@ -295,6 +313,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
           }),
           "front");
 
+    if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<typename ContainerType::value_type>) {
       m.add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)), [&]() -> std::string {
         if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
           m.eval("# Pushes the second value onto the front of container while making a clone of the value\n"
@@ -314,6 +333,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
           return "push_front";
         }
       }());
+    }
 
     m.add(fun(static_cast<pop_ptr>(&ContainerType::pop_front)), "pop_front");
   }
@@ -344,6 +364,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library {
   template<typename ContainerType>
   void unique_associative_container_type(const std::string & /*type*/, Module &m) {
     m.add(fun(detail::count<ContainerType>), "count");
+    m.add(fun(detail::find<ContainerType>), "find");
 
     using erase_ptr = size_t (ContainerType::*)(const typename ContainerType::key_type &);
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp

@@ -220,7 +220,6 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         if constexpr (!std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value && !std::is_floating_point<RHS>::value) {
           switch (t_oper) {
             case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_and:
-              check_divide_by_zero(c_rhs);
               *t_lhs &= c_rhs;
               return t_bv;
             case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_or:
@@ -233,6 +232,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
               *t_lhs >>= c_rhs;
               return t_bv;
             case Operators::Opers::assign_remainder:
+              check_divide_by_zero(c_rhs);
               *t_lhs %= c_rhs;
               return t_bv;
             case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_xor:

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp

@@ -157,6 +157,12 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
     bool is_const() const noexcept { return m_data->m_type_info.is_const(); }
 
+    /// Mark this Boxed_Value as const (used for script-level const declarations)
+    void make_const() noexcept {
+      m_data->m_type_info.make_const();
+      m_data->m_data_ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+
     bool is_type(const Type_Info &ti) const noexcept { return m_data->m_type_info.bare_equal(ti); }
 
     template<typename T>

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <thread>
 #include <typeinfo>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -370,6 +371,28 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           , m_parser(parser) {
       }
 
+      ~Dispatch_Engine() {
+        join_async_threads();
+      }
+
+      Dispatch_Engine(const Dispatch_Engine &) = delete;
+      Dispatch_Engine &operator=(const Dispatch_Engine &) = delete;
+      Dispatch_Engine(Dispatch_Engine &&) = default;
+      Dispatch_Engine &operator=(Dispatch_Engine &&) = default;
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+      /// Track an async thread so it can be joined during destruction
+      void track_async_thread(std::thread t_thread) {
+        chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_async_mutex);
+        // Clean up already-finished threads to avoid unbounded growth
+        m_async_threads.erase(
+            std::remove_if(m_async_threads.begin(), m_async_threads.end(),
+                           [](std::thread &t) { return !t.joinable(); }),
+            m_async_threads.end());
+        m_async_threads.push_back(std::move(t_thread));
+      }
+#endif
+
       /// \brief casts an object while applying any Dynamic_Conversion available
       template<typename Type>
       decltype(auto) boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv) const {
@@ -1060,6 +1083,27 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           return true;
         }
 
+        // Sort more-derived Dynamic_Object types before base types so that
+        // overridden methods in derived classes are tried first during dispatch
+        const auto &lhs_dotn = lhs->dynamic_object_type_name();
+        const auto &rhs_dotn = rhs->dynamic_object_type_name();
+        if (lhs_dotn != rhs_dotn) {
+          if (!lhs_dotn.empty() && !rhs_dotn.empty()) {
+            if (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::type_matches(lhs_dotn, rhs_dotn)) {
+              return true; // lhs is derived from rhs, so lhs is more specific
+            }
+            if (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::type_matches(rhs_dotn, lhs_dotn)) {
+              return false; // rhs is derived from lhs, so rhs is more specific
+            }
+          }
+          // Impose a total order on type names to maintain strict-weak ordering:
+          // non-empty names sort before empty names, then lexicographically
+          if (lhs_dotn.empty() != rhs_dotn.empty()) {
+            return !lhs_dotn.empty();
+          }
+          return lhs_dotn < rhs_dotn;
+        }
+
         const auto &lhsparamtypes = lhs->get_param_types();
         const auto &rhsparamtypes = rhs->get_param_types();
 
@@ -1107,7 +1151,9 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           return lt < rt;
         }
 
-        return false;
+        // When all overlapping parameters match, order by arity to maintain
+        // strict-weak ordering (transitivity of equivalence)
+        return lhssize < rhssize;
       }
 
       /// Implementation detail for adding a function.
@@ -1152,6 +1198,21 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         get_function_objects_int().insert_or_assign(t_name, std::move(new_func));
       }
 
+      void join_async_threads() {
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+        std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+        {
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_async_mutex);
+          threads = std::move(m_async_threads);
+        }
+        for (auto &t : threads) {
+          if (t.joinable()) {
+            t.join();
+          }
+        }
+#endif
+      }
+
       mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_mutex;
 
       Type_Conversions m_conversions;
@@ -1161,6 +1222,11 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_method_missing_loc = {0};
 
       State m_state;
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+      mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_async_mutex;
+      std::vector<std::thread> m_async_threads;
+#endif
     };
 
     class Dispatch_State {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp

@@ -44,6 +44,27 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
       Dynamic_Object() = default;
 
+      /// Register that derived_name inherits from base_name
+      static void register_inheritance(const std::string &derived_name, const std::string &base_name) {
+        inheritance_map()[derived_name] = base_name;
+      }
+
+      /// Check if type_name is, or inherits from, base_name
+      static bool type_matches(const std::string &type_name, const std::string &base_name) noexcept {
+        if (type_name == base_name) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        const auto &m = inheritance_map();
+        auto it = m.find(type_name);
+        while (it != m.end()) {
+          if (it->second == base_name) {
+            return true;
+          }
+          it = m.find(it->second);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
       bool is_explicit() const noexcept { return m_option_explicit; }
 
       void set_explicit(const bool t_explicit) noexcept { m_option_explicit = t_explicit; }
@@ -87,6 +108,11 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_attrs() const { return m_attrs; }
 
     private:
+      static std::map<std::string, std::string> &inheritance_map() {
+        static std::map<std::string, std::string> s_map;
+        return s_map;
+      }
+
       const std::string m_type_name = "";
       bool m_option_explicit = false;
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object_detail.hpp

@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
         bool is_attribute_function() const noexcept override { return m_is_attribute; }
 
+        const std::string &dynamic_object_type_name() const noexcept override { return m_type_name; }
+
         bool call_match(const chaiscript::Function_Params &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept override {
           if (dynamic_object_typename_match(vals, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions)) {
             return m_func->call_match(vals, t_conversions);
@@ -101,7 +103,9 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
           assert(types.size() > 1);
           // assert(types[1].bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Value>()));
-          types[1] = t_objectti;
+          // When the object type_info is undefined (ChaiScript-defined class), use
+          // Dynamic_Object so that dispatch priority scoring works correctly.
+          types[1] = t_objectti.is_undef() ? user_type<Dynamic_Object>() : t_objectti;
           return types;
         }
 
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           if (bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(m_doti)) {
             try {
               const Dynamic_Object &d = boxed_cast<const Dynamic_Object &>(bv, &t_conversions);
-              return name == "Dynamic_Object" || d.get_type_name() == name;
+              return name == "Dynamic_Object" || Dynamic_Object::type_matches(d.get_type_name(), name);
             } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
               return false;
             }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_signature.hpp

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::dispatch::detail {
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile &) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile Class &, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile &noexcept)
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile & noexcept)
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
@@ -72,20 +72,20 @@ namespace chaiscript::dispatch::detail {
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile const Class &, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile const &noexcept)
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile const & noexcept)
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile const Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) &) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) &noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) & noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const &) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<const Class &, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const &noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<const Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const & noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<const Class &, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   // && reference specifier
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ namespace chaiscript::dispatch::detail {
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile &&) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile Class &&, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile &&noexcept)
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile && noexcept)
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile Class &&, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
@@ -101,20 +101,20 @@ namespace chaiscript::dispatch::detail {
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile const Class &&, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile const &&noexcept)
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile const && noexcept)
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<volatile const Class &&, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) &&) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &&, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) &&noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &&, Param...>, true, true>;
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) && noexcept) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<Class &&, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
   Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const &&) -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<const Class &&, Param...>, false, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename... Param>
-  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const &&noexcept)
+  Function_Signature(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const && noexcept)
       -> Function_Signature<Ret, Function_Params<const Class &&, Param...>, true, true>;
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class>

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       struct Handle_Return_Ref {
         template<typename T>
         static Boxed_Value handle(T &&r) {
-          return Boxed_Value(std::cref(r), true);
+          return Boxed_Value(std::cref(r), false);
         }
       };
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp

@@ -15,168 +15,168 @@
 #include "register_function.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::operators {
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs = rhs; }), "=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_bitwise_and(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_bitwise_and(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs &= rhs; }), "&=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_xor(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_xor(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs ^= rhs; }), "^=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_bitwise_or(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_bitwise_or(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs |= rhs; }), "|=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_difference(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_difference(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs -= rhs; }), "-=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_left_shift(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_left_shift(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs <<= rhs; }), "<<=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_product(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_product(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs <<= rhs; }), "*=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_quotient(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_quotient(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs /= rhs; }), "/=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_remainder(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_remainder(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs %= rhs; }), "%=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_right_shift(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_right_shift(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs >>= rhs; }), ">>=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void assign_sum(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void assign_sum(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T &rhs) -> T & { return lhs += rhs; }), "+=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void prefix_decrement(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void prefix_decrement(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs) -> T & { return --lhs; }), "--");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void prefix_increment(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void prefix_increment(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs) -> T & { return ++lhs; }), "++");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void equal(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void equal(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs == rhs; }), "==");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void greater_than(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void greater_than(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs > rhs; }), ">");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void greater_than_equal(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void greater_than_equal(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs >= rhs; }), ">=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void less_than(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void less_than(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs < rhs; }), "<");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void less_than_equal(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void less_than_equal(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs <= rhs; }), "<=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void logical_compliment(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void logical_compliment(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs) { return !lhs; }), "!");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void not_equal(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void not_equal(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs != rhs; }), "!=");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void addition(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void addition(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs + rhs; }), "+");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void unary_plus(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void unary_plus(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs) { return +lhs; }), "+");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void subtraction(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void subtraction(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs - rhs; }), "-");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void unary_minus(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void unary_minus(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs) { return -lhs; }), "-");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void bitwise_and(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void bitwise_and(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs & rhs; }), "&");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void bitwise_compliment(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void bitwise_compliment(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs) { return ~lhs; }), "~");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void bitwise_xor(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void bitwise_xor(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs ^ rhs; }), "^");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void bitwise_or(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void bitwise_or(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs | rhs; }), "|");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void division(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void division(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs / rhs; }), "/");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void left_shift(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void left_shift(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs << rhs; }), "<<");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void multiplication(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void multiplication(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs * rhs; }), "*");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void remainder(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void remainder(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs % rhs; }), "%");
   }
 
-  template<typename T>
-  void right_shift(Module &m) {
+  template<typename T, typename ModuleType>
+  void right_shift(ModuleType &m) {
     m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return lhs >> rhs; }), ">>");
   }
 } // namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::operators

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp

@@ -15,14 +15,17 @@
 namespace chaiscript::dispatch::detail {
   template<typename Class, typename... Params>
   Proxy_Function build_constructor_(Class (*)(Params...)) {
-    if constexpr (!std::is_copy_constructible_v<Class>) {
+    // is_copy_constructible is required to avoid compilation errors if classes cannot be copied
+    // is_trivially_destructible is required to avoid bugs if classes don't correctly implement
+    // copy or move. To avoid unexpected runtime behavior we allocate them as shared_ptrs.
+    if constexpr (!std::is_copy_constructible_v<Class> || !std::is_trivially_destructible_v<Class>) {
       auto call = [](auto &&...param) { return std::make_shared<Class>(std::forward<decltype(param)>(param)...); };
 
       return Proxy_Function(
           chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base,
                                   dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<std::shared_ptr<Class>(Params...), decltype(call)>>(call));
     } else if constexpr (true) {
-      auto call = [](auto &&...param) { return Class(std::forward<decltype(param)>(param)...); };
+      auto call = [](auto &&...param) { return Class{std::forward<decltype(param)>(param)...}; };
 
       return Proxy_Function(
           chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Class(Params...), decltype(call)>>(

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             if (bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(dynamic_object_type_info)) {
               try {
                 const Dynamic_Object &d = boxed_cast<const Dynamic_Object &>(bv, &t_conversions);
-                if (!(name == "Dynamic_Object" || d.get_type_name() == name)) {
+                if (!(name == "Dynamic_Object" || Dynamic_Object::type_matches(d.get_type_name(), name))) {
                   return std::make_pair(false, false);
                 }
               } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
@@ -233,6 +233,12 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         }
       }
 
+      /// Returns the Dynamic_Object type name this function is bound to, or empty string if not a Dynamic_Object function
+      virtual const std::string &dynamic_object_type_name() const noexcept {
+        static const std::string empty;
+        return empty;
+      }
+
       virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept {
         /// TODO is m_types guaranteed to be at least 2??
         return compare_type_to_param(m_types[1], bv, t_conversions);
@@ -374,7 +380,15 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
         for (const auto &t : t_types.types()) {
           if (t.second.is_undef()) {
+            if (!t.first.empty()) {
+              // Named type without C++ type_info — assumed to be a Dynamic_Object subtype.
+              // Using Dynamic_Object type_info ensures correct dispatch priority so that
+              // user-defined overrides on specific subtypes are tried before generic
+              // Dynamic_Object built-in functions.
+              types.push_back(user_type<Dynamic_Object>());
+            } else {
               types.push_back(chaiscript::detail::Get_Type_Info<Boxed_Value>::get());
+            }
           } else {
             types.push_back(t.second);
           }
@@ -792,6 +806,38 @@ namespace chaiscript {
               ++numdiffs;
             }
           }
+
+          // Deprioritize functions whose first parameter (object/receiver) requires
+          // type conversion: conversions create temporaries, so mutations on the
+          // converted object are silently lost.
+          if (plist.size() > 1 && !func->get_param_types()[1].bare_equal(plist[0].get_type_info())) {
+            numdiffs = plist.size();
+          }
+
+          // Deprioritize C++ registered generic Dynamic_Object functions when the
+          // actual first argument is a specific Dynamic_Object subtype.  This allows
+          // user-defined operator overrides (e.g. `[]`) on a subtype to take precedence
+          // over the built-in Dynamic_Object operations such as get_attr.
+          // Only deprioritize non-dynamic (C++ registered) functions — ChaiScript-defined
+          // functions (Dynamic_Proxy_Function) have their own type matching via Param_Types.
+          if (!plist.empty()
+              && dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Proxy_Function *>(func.get()) == nullptr) {
+            static const auto dynamic_object_ti = user_type<Dynamic_Object>();
+            if (func->get_param_types().size() > 1
+                && func->get_param_types()[1].bare_equal(dynamic_object_ti)
+                && plist[0].get_type_info().bare_equal(dynamic_object_ti)
+                && func->dynamic_object_type_name().empty()) {
+              try {
+                const auto &d = boxed_cast<const Dynamic_Object &>(plist[0], &t_conversions);
+                if (d.get_type_name() != "Dynamic_Object") {
+                  numdiffs = plist.size();
+                }
+              } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
+                // not a Dynamic_Object, ignore
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
           ordered_funcs.emplace_back(numdiffs, func.get());
         }
       }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp

@@ -498,6 +498,29 @@ namespace chaiscript {
                                                                                                                func);
   }
 
+  namespace detail {
+    template<typename T>
+    struct is_std_vector : std::false_type {};
+
+    template<typename T, typename A>
+    struct is_std_vector<std::vector<T, A>> : std::true_type {};
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T convert_vector_element(const Boxed_Value &bv) {
+      if constexpr (is_std_vector<T>::value) {
+        const auto &inner = Cast_Helper<const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &>::cast(bv, nullptr);
+        T result;
+        result.reserve(inner.size());
+        for (const Boxed_Value &elem : inner) {
+          result.push_back(convert_vector_element<typename T::value_type>(elem));
+        }
+        return result;
+      } else {
+        return Cast_Helper<T>::cast(bv, nullptr);
+      }
+    }
+  } // namespace detail
+
   template<typename To>
   Type_Conversion vector_conversion() {
     auto func = [](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) -> Boxed_Value {
@@ -506,7 +529,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       To vec;
       vec.reserve(from_vec.size());
       for (const Boxed_Value &bv : from_vec) {
-        vec.push_back(detail::Cast_Helper<typename To::value_type>::cast(bv, nullptr));
+        vec.push_back(detail::convert_vector_element<typename To::value_type>(bv));
       }
 
       return Boxed_Value(std::move(vec));
@@ -534,6 +557,23 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(
         user_type<std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>>(), user_type<To>(), func);
   }
+
+  template<typename Left, typename Right>
+  Type_Conversion pair_conversion() {
+    auto func = [](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) -> Boxed_Value {
+      const std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value> &from_pair
+          = detail::Cast_Helper<const std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value> &>::cast(t_bv, nullptr);
+
+      auto pair = std::make_pair(
+          detail::Cast_Helper<Left>::cast(from_pair.first, nullptr),
+          detail::Cast_Helper<Right>::cast(from_pair.second, nullptr));
+
+      return Boxed_Value(std::move(pair));
+    };
+
+    return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(
+        user_type<std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value>>(), user_type<std::pair<Left, Right>>(), func);
+  }
 } // namespace chaiscript
 
 #endif

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp

@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
     constexpr const std::type_info *bare_type_info() const noexcept { return m_bare_type_info; }
 
+    void make_const() noexcept { m_flags |= (1 << is_const_flag); }
+
   private:
     struct Unknown_Type {
     };

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp

@@ -26,10 +26,6 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript {
   struct AST_Node;
-  struct AST_Node_Trace;
-  namespace exception {
-    struct eval_error;
-  }
 } // namespace chaiscript
 
 namespace chaiscript {
@@ -37,7 +33,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     template<typename T>
     static bool is_reserved_word(const T &s) noexcept {
       const static std::unordered_set<std::uint32_t>
-          words{utility::hash("def"), utility::hash("fun"), utility::hash("while"), utility::hash("for"), utility::hash("if"), utility::hash("else"), utility::hash("&&"), utility::hash("||"), utility::hash(","), utility::hash("auto"), utility::hash("return"), utility::hash("break"), utility::hash("true"), utility::hash("false"), utility::hash("class"), utility::hash("attr"), utility::hash("var"), utility::hash("global"), utility::hash("GLOBAL"), utility::hash("_"), utility::hash("__LINE__"), utility::hash("__FILE__"), utility::hash("__FUNC__"), utility::hash("__CLASS__")};
+          words{utility::hash("def"), utility::hash("fun"), utility::hash("while"), utility::hash("for"), utility::hash("if"), utility::hash("else"), utility::hash("&&"), utility::hash("||"), utility::hash(","), utility::hash("auto"), utility::hash("return"), utility::hash("break"), utility::hash("true"), utility::hash("false"), utility::hash("class"), utility::hash("attr"), utility::hash("var"), utility::hash("global"), utility::hash("GLOBAL"), utility::hash("_"), utility::hash("__LINE__"), utility::hash("__FILE__"), utility::hash("__FUNC__"), utility::hash("__CLASS__"), utility::hash("const"), utility::hash("using"), utility::hash("enum")};
 
       return words.count(utility::hash(s)) == 1;
     }
@@ -108,7 +104,12 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     Arg,
     Global_Decl,
     Constant,
-    Compiled
+    Compiled,
+    Const_Var_Decl,
+    Const_Assign_Decl,
+    Using,
+    Enum,
+    Namespace_Block
   };
 
   enum class Operator_Precedence {
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
   namespace {
     /// Helper lookup to get the name of each node type
     constexpr const char *ast_node_type_to_string(AST_Node_Type ast_node_type) noexcept {
-      constexpr const char *const ast_node_types[] = {"Id", "Fun_Call", "Unused_Return_Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Equation", "Var_Decl", "Assign_Decl", "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", "Lambda", "Block", "Scopeless_Block", "Def", "While", "If", "For", "Ranged_For", "Inline_Array", "Inline_Map", "Return", "File", "Prefix", "Break", "Continue", "Map_Pair", "Value_Range", "Inline_Range", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl", "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Noop", "Class", "Binary", "Arg", "Global_Decl", "Constant", "Compiled"};
+      constexpr const char *const ast_node_types[] = {"Id", "Fun_Call", "Unused_Return_Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Equation", "Var_Decl", "Assign_Decl", "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", "Lambda", "Block", "Scopeless_Block", "Def", "While", "If", "For", "Ranged_For", "Inline_Array", "Inline_Map", "Return", "File", "Prefix", "Break", "Continue", "Map_Pair", "Value_Range", "Inline_Range", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl", "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Noop", "Class", "Binary", "Arg", "Global_Decl", "Constant", "Compiled", "Const_Var_Decl", "Const_Assign_Decl", "Using", "Enum", "Namespace_Block"};
 
       return ast_node_types[static_cast<int>(ast_node_type)];
     }
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
   } // namespace exception
 
-  //static
+  // static
   bool AST_Node::get_bool_condition(const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) {
     try {
       return t_ss->boxed_cast<bool>(t_bv);

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <exception>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
+#include <future>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -78,6 +79,9 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
     std::map<std::string, std::function<Namespace &()>> m_namespace_generators;
 
+    std::function<void(const std::string &)> m_print_handler = [](const std::string &) noexcept {};
+    std::function<std::string(const std::string &)> m_file_reader;
+
     /// Evaluates the given string in by parsing it and running the results through the evaluator
     Boxed_Value do_eval(const std::string &t_input, const std::string &t_filename = "__EVAL__", bool /* t_internal*/ = false) {
       try {
@@ -118,11 +122,30 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &get_eval_engine() noexcept { return m_engine; }
 
     /// Builds all the requirements for ChaiScript, including its evaluator and a run of its prelude.
-    void build_eval_system(const ModulePtr &t_lib, const std::vector<Options> &t_opts) {
+    void build_eval_system(const ModulePtr &t_lib, const std::vector<Options> &t_opts, const bool t_no_io = false) {
       if (t_lib) {
         add(t_lib);
       }
 
+      if (!t_no_io) {
+        m_print_handler = [](const std::string &s) noexcept {
+          fwrite(s.c_str(), 1, s.size(), stdout);
+        };
+      }
+
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &s) { m_print_handler(s); }), "print_string");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &s) { m_print_handler(s + "\n"); }), "println_string");
+
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::function<void(const std::string &)> &t_handler) {
+                     m_print_handler = t_handler;
+                   }),
+                   "set_print_handler");
+
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::function<std::string(const std::string &)> &t_reader) {
+                     m_file_reader = t_reader;
+                   }),
+                   "set_file_reader");
+
       m_engine.add(fun([this]() { m_engine.dump_system(); }), "dump_system");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) { m_engine.dump_object(t_bv); }), "dump_object");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_type) { return m_engine.is_type(t_bv, t_type); }), "is_type");
@@ -172,13 +195,39 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name) { add_global(t_bv, t_name); }), "add_global");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name) { set_global(t_bv, t_name); }), "set_global");
 
-      // why this unused parameter to Namespace?
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_namespace_name) {
+                     if (!m_namespace_generators.count(t_namespace_name)) {
                        register_namespace([](Namespace & /*space*/) noexcept {}, t_namespace_name);
-                     import(t_namespace_name);
+                     }
+                     const auto sep_pos = t_namespace_name.find("::");
+                     const std::string root_name = (sep_pos != std::string::npos) ? t_namespace_name.substr(0, sep_pos) : t_namespace_name;
+                     if (!m_engine.get_scripting_objects().count(root_name)) {
+                       import(root_name);
+                     } else if (m_namespace_generators.count(root_name)) {
+                       nest_children(root_name, m_namespace_generators[root_name]());
+                     }
                    }),
                    "namespace");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_namespace_name) { import(t_namespace_name); }), "import");
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+      // Register async() with thread tracking so the engine can join all
+      // async threads before destroying shared state (issues #632, #636).
+      m_engine.add(chaiscript::fun(
+                       [this](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value()> &t_func) {
+                         auto promise_ptr = std::make_shared<std::promise<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>();
+                         auto future = promise_ptr->get_future();
+                         m_engine.track_async_thread(std::thread([promise_ptr, t_func]() {
+                           try {
+                             promise_ptr->set_value(t_func());
+                           } catch (...) {
+                             promise_ptr->set_exception(std::current_exception());
+                           }
+                         }));
+                         return future;
+                       }),
+                   "async");
+#endif
     }
 
     /// Skip BOM at the beginning of file
@@ -201,7 +250,15 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     }
 
     /// Helper function for loading a file
-    static std::string load_file(const std::string &t_filename) {
+    std::string load_file(const std::string &t_filename) const {
+      if (m_file_reader) {
+        return m_file_reader(t_filename);
+      }
+
+      return load_file_default(t_filename);
+    }
+
+    static std::string load_file_default(const std::string &t_filename) {
       std::ifstream infile(t_filename.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
 
       if (!infile.is_open()) {
@@ -236,6 +293,17 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     }
 
   public:
+    /// \brief Set a custom handler for print output, used by both print_string and println_string
+    /// \param[in] t_handler Function to call with the string to print
+    void set_print_handler(std::function<void(const std::string &)> t_handler) {
+      m_print_handler = std::move(t_handler);
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Set a custom handler for reading files, used by eval_file, use, and internal_eval_file
+    /// \param[in] t_reader Function to call with the filename, returning the file contents as a string
+    void set_file_reader(std::function<std::string(const std::string &)> t_reader) {
+      m_file_reader = std::move(t_reader);
+    }
 
     /// \brief Virtual destructor for ChaiScript
     virtual ~ChaiScript_Basic() = default;
@@ -248,7 +316,8 @@ namespace chaiscript {
                      std::unique_ptr<parser::ChaiScript_Parser_Base> &&parser,
                      std::vector<std::string> t_module_paths = {},
                      std::vector<std::string> t_use_paths = {},
-                     const std::vector<chaiscript::Options> &t_opts = chaiscript::default_options())
+                     const std::vector<chaiscript::Options> &t_opts = chaiscript::default_options(),
+                     const bool t_no_io = false)
         : m_module_paths(ensure_minimum_path_vec(std::move(t_module_paths)))
         , m_use_paths(ensure_minimum_path_vec(std::move(t_use_paths)))
         , m_parser(std::move(parser))
@@ -283,7 +352,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         m_module_paths.insert(m_module_paths.begin(), dllpath + "/");
       }
 #endif
-      build_eval_system(t_lib, t_opts);
+      build_eval_system(t_lib, t_opts, t_no_io);
     }
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD
@@ -473,6 +542,12 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     /// \returns All values in the local thread state, added through the add() function
     std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_locals() const { return m_engine.get_locals(); }
 
+    /// \returns All accessible function objects, as a map of name to Boxed_Value
+    std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_function_objects() const { return m_engine.get_function_objects(); }
+
+    /// \returns All accessible scripting objects (locals + globals), as a map of name to Boxed_Value
+    std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_scripting_objects() const { return m_engine.get_scripting_objects(); }
+
     /// \brief Sets all of the locals for the current thread state.
     ///
     /// \param[in] t_locals The map<name, value> set of variables to replace the current state with
@@ -682,28 +757,59 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       if (m_engine.get_scripting_objects().count(t_namespace_name)) {
         throw std::runtime_error("Namespace: " + t_namespace_name + " was already defined");
       } else if (m_namespace_generators.count(t_namespace_name)) {
-        m_engine.add_global(var(std::ref(m_namespace_generators[t_namespace_name]())), t_namespace_name);
+        auto &ns = m_namespace_generators[t_namespace_name]();
+        nest_children(t_namespace_name, ns);
+        m_engine.add_global(var(std::ref(ns)), t_namespace_name);
       } else {
         throw std::runtime_error("No registered namespace: " + t_namespace_name);
       }
     }
 
     /// \brief Registers a namespace generator, which delays generation of the namespace until it is imported, saving memory if it is never
-    /// used. \param[in] t_namespace_generator Namespace generator function. \param[in] t_namespace_name Name of the Namespace function
-    /// being registered. \throw std::runtime_error In the case that the namespace name was already registered.
+    /// used. Supports C++-style nested names (e.g. "constants::si") for nested namespaces; parent namespaces are auto-registered if absent.
+    /// \param[in] t_namespace_generator Namespace generator function.
+    /// \param[in] t_namespace_name Name of the Namespace function being registered (may contain :: for nesting).
+    /// \throw std::runtime_error In the case that the namespace name was already registered.
     void register_namespace(const std::function<void(Namespace &)> &t_namespace_generator, const std::string &t_namespace_name) {
       chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::recursive_mutex> l(m_use_mutex);
 
-      if (!m_namespace_generators.count(t_namespace_name)) {
-        // contain the namespace object memory within the m_namespace_generators map
+      if (m_namespace_generators.count(t_namespace_name)) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Namespace: " + t_namespace_name + " was already registered.");
+      }
+
       m_namespace_generators.emplace(std::make_pair(t_namespace_name, [=, space = Namespace()]() mutable -> Namespace & {
         t_namespace_generator(space);
         return space;
       }));
-      } else {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Namespace: " + t_namespace_name + " was already registered.");
+
+      auto pos = t_namespace_name.rfind("::");
+      while (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        const std::string parent = t_namespace_name.substr(0, pos);
+        if (!m_namespace_generators.count(parent)) {
+          m_namespace_generators.emplace(std::make_pair(parent, [space = Namespace()]() mutable -> Namespace & {
+            return space;
+          }));
+        }
+        pos = parent.rfind("::");
       }
     }
+
+  private:
+    void nest_children(const std::string &t_parent_name, Namespace &t_parent) {
+      const std::string prefix = t_parent_name + "::";
+      for (auto &[name, generator] : m_namespace_generators) {
+        if (name.size() > prefix.size() && name.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix) == 0) {
+          const std::string remainder = name.substr(prefix.size());
+          if (remainder.find("::") == std::string::npos) {
+            auto &child_ns = generator();
+            nest_children(name, child_ns);
+            t_parent[remainder] = var(std::ref(child_ns));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  public:
   };
 
 } // namespace chaiscript

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_EVAL_HPP_
 #define CHAISCRIPT_EVAL_HPP_
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <exception>
 #include <functional>
 #include <limits>
@@ -108,6 +109,169 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           return incoming;
         }
       }
+      class Strong_Typedef_Binary_Op final : public dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base {
+      public:
+        Strong_Typedef_Binary_Op(
+            std::string t_type_name,
+            std::string t_op_name,
+            Operators::Opers t_oper,
+            bool t_rewrap,
+            chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_engine)
+            : Proxy_Function_Base(
+                  {chaiscript::detail::Get_Type_Info<Boxed_Value>::get(),
+                   user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(),
+                   user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>()},
+                  2)
+            , m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name))
+            , m_op_name(std::move(t_op_name))
+            , m_oper(t_oper)
+            , m_rewrap(t_rewrap)
+            , m_engine(t_engine) {
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const noexcept override {
+          if (const auto *other = dynamic_cast<const Strong_Typedef_Binary_Op *>(&f)) {
+            return m_type_name == other->m_type_name && m_op_name == other->m_op_name;
+          }
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        bool call_match(const Function_Params &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept override {
+          return vals.size() == 2
+              && type_matches(vals[0], t_conversions)
+              && type_matches(vals[1], t_conversions);
+        }
+
+      protected:
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const Function_Params &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override {
+          if (!call_match(params, t_conversions)) {
+            throw chaiscript::exception::guard_error();
+          }
+
+          const auto &lhs = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(params[0], &t_conversions);
+          const auto &rhs = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(params[1], &t_conversions);
+          const auto lhs_val = lhs.get_attr("__value");
+          const auto rhs_val = rhs.get_attr("__value");
+
+          Boxed_Value result;
+          if (m_oper != Operators::Opers::invalid
+              && lhs_val.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()
+              && rhs_val.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
+            result = Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_oper, lhs_val, rhs_val);
+          } else {
+            std::array<Boxed_Value, 2> underlying_params{lhs_val, rhs_val};
+            result = m_engine.call_function(m_op_name, m_loc, Function_Params(underlying_params), t_conversions);
+          }
+
+          if (m_rewrap) {
+            auto bv = Boxed_Value(dispatch::Dynamic_Object(m_type_name), true);
+            auto *obj = static_cast<dispatch::Dynamic_Object *>(bv.get_ptr());
+            obj->get_attr("__value") = result;
+            return bv;
+          }
+          return result;
+        }
+
+      private:
+        bool type_matches(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept {
+          if (!bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>())) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          try {
+            const auto &d = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(bv, &t_conversions);
+            return d.get_type_name() == m_type_name;
+          } catch (...) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+
+        std::string m_type_name;
+        std::string m_op_name;
+        Operators::Opers m_oper;
+        bool m_rewrap;
+        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &m_engine;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc{0};
+      };
+
+      class Strong_Typedef_Compound_Assign_Op final : public dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base {
+      public:
+        Strong_Typedef_Compound_Assign_Op(
+            std::string t_type_name,
+            std::string t_op_name,
+            Operators::Opers t_base_oper,
+            std::string t_base_op_name,
+            chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_engine)
+            : Proxy_Function_Base(
+                  {user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(),
+                   user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(),
+                   user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>()},
+                  2)
+            , m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name))
+            , m_op_name(std::move(t_op_name))
+            , m_base_oper(t_base_oper)
+            , m_base_op_name(std::move(t_base_op_name))
+            , m_engine(t_engine) {
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const noexcept override {
+          if (const auto *other = dynamic_cast<const Strong_Typedef_Compound_Assign_Op *>(&f)) {
+            return m_type_name == other->m_type_name && m_op_name == other->m_op_name;
+          }
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        bool call_match(const Function_Params &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept override {
+          return vals.size() == 2
+              && type_matches(vals[0], t_conversions)
+              && type_matches(vals[1], t_conversions);
+        }
+
+      protected:
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const Function_Params &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override {
+          if (!call_match(params, t_conversions)) {
+            throw chaiscript::exception::guard_error();
+          }
+
+          auto &lhs = boxed_cast<dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(params[0], &t_conversions);
+          const auto &rhs = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(params[1], &t_conversions);
+          const auto lhs_val = lhs.get_attr("__value");
+          const auto rhs_val = rhs.get_attr("__value");
+
+          Boxed_Value result;
+          if (m_base_oper != Operators::Opers::invalid
+              && lhs_val.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()
+              && rhs_val.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
+            result = Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_base_oper, lhs_val, rhs_val);
+          } else {
+            std::array<Boxed_Value, 2> underlying_params{lhs_val, rhs_val};
+            result = m_engine.call_function(m_base_op_name, m_loc, Function_Params(underlying_params), t_conversions);
+          }
+
+          lhs.get_attr("__value") = result;
+          return params[0];
+        }
+
+      private:
+        bool type_matches(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const noexcept {
+          if (!bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>())) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          try {
+            const auto &d = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(bv, &t_conversions);
+            return d.get_type_name() == m_type_name;
+          } catch (...) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+
+        std::string m_type_name;
+        std::string m_op_name;
+        Operators::Opers m_base_oper;
+        std::string m_base_op_name;
+        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &m_engine;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc{0};
+      };
+
     } // namespace detail
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -220,15 +384,16 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
         auto lhs = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
         auto rhs = this->children[1]->eval(t_ss);
-        return do_oper(t_ss, m_oper, this->text, lhs, rhs);
+        return do_oper(t_ss, m_oper, this->text, lhs, rhs, m_loc);
       }
 
-    protected:
-      Boxed_Value do_oper(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss,
+      // static and public so we can use this to process Switch_AST_Node case equality
+      static Boxed_Value do_oper(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss,
                                  Operators::Opers t_oper,
                                  const std::string &t_oper_string,
                                  const Boxed_Value &t_lhs,
-                          const Boxed_Value &t_rhs) const {
+                                 const Boxed_Value &t_rhs,
+                                 std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc) {
         try {
           if (t_oper != Operators::Opers::invalid && t_lhs.get_type_info().is_arithmetic() && t_rhs.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
             // If it's an arithmetic operation we want to short circuit dispatch
@@ -243,7 +408,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
             std::array<Boxed_Value, 2> params{t_lhs, t_rhs};
             fpp.save_params(Function_Params(params));
-            return t_ss->call_function(t_oper_string, m_loc, Function_Params(params), t_ss.conversions());
+            return t_ss->call_function(t_oper_string, t_loc, Function_Params(params), t_ss.conversions());
           }
         } catch (const exception::dispatch_error &e) {
           throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate '" + t_oper_string + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
@@ -437,6 +602,8 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         if (m_oper != Operators::Opers::invalid && params[0].get_type_info().is_arithmetic() && params[1].get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
           try {
             return Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_oper, params[0], params[1]);
+          } catch (const chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error &) {
+            throw;
           } catch (const std::exception &) {
             throw exception::eval_error("Error with unsupported arithmetic assignment operation.");
           }
@@ -549,6 +716,41 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc = {0};
     };
 
+    template<typename T>
+    struct Const_Var_Decl_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
+      Const_Var_Decl_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
+          : AST_Node_Impl<T>(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Const_Var_Decl, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) {
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const override {
+        throw exception::eval_error("const variables must be initialized at declaration");
+      }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct Const_Assign_Decl_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
+      Const_Assign_Decl_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
+          : AST_Node_Impl<T>(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Const_Assign_Decl, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) {
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+        const std::string &idname = this->children[0]->text;
+
+        try {
+          Boxed_Value bv(detail::clone_if_necessary(this->children[1]->eval(t_ss), m_loc, t_ss));
+          bv.reset_return_value();
+          bv.make_const();
+          t_ss.add_object(idname, bv);
+          return bv;
+        } catch (const exception::name_conflict_error &e) {
+          throw exception::eval_error("Variable redefined '" + e.name() + "'");
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc = {0};
+    };
+
     template<typename T>
     struct Array_Call_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
       Array_Call_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
@@ -750,40 +952,43 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         return false;
       }
 
-      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+      static std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> make_proxy_function(
+          const Def_AST_Node<T> &t_node, const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) {
         std::vector<std::string> t_param_names;
         size_t numparams = 0;
 
         dispatch::Param_Types param_types;
 
-        if ((this->children.size() > 1) && (this->children[1]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Arg_List)) {
-          numparams = this->children[1]->children.size();
-          t_param_names = Arg_List_AST_Node<T>::get_arg_names(*this->children[1]);
-          param_types = Arg_List_AST_Node<T>::get_arg_types(*this->children[1], t_ss);
+        if ((t_node.children.size() > 1) && (t_node.children[1]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Arg_List)) {
+          numparams = t_node.children[1]->children.size();
+          t_param_names = Arg_List_AST_Node<T>::get_arg_names(*t_node.children[1]);
+          param_types = Arg_List_AST_Node<T>::get_arg_types(*t_node.children[1], t_ss);
         }
 
         std::reference_wrapper<chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine> engine(*t_ss);
         std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> guard;
-        if (m_guard_node) {
+        if (t_node.m_guard_node) {
           guard = dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
-              [engine, guardnode = m_guard_node, t_param_names](const Function_Params &t_params) {
+              [engine, guardnode = t_node.m_guard_node, t_param_names](const Function_Params &t_params) {
                 return detail::eval_function(engine, *guardnode, t_param_names, t_params);
               },
               static_cast<int>(numparams),
-              m_guard_node);
+              t_node.m_guard_node);
         }
 
-        try {
-          const std::string &l_function_name = this->children[0]->text;
-          t_ss->add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
-                        [engine, func_node = m_body_node, t_param_names](const Function_Params &t_params) {
+        return dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+            [engine, func_node = t_node.m_body_node, t_param_names](const Function_Params &t_params) {
               return detail::eval_function(engine, *func_node, t_param_names, t_params);
             },
             static_cast<int>(numparams),
-                        m_body_node,
+            t_node.m_body_node,
             param_types,
-                        guard),
-                    l_function_name);
+            guard);
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+        try {
+          t_ss->add(make_proxy_function(*this, t_ss), this->children[0]->text);
         } catch (const exception::name_conflict_error &e) {
           throw exception::eval_error("Function redefined '" + e.name() + "'");
         }
@@ -827,16 +1032,290 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
         chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
+        const auto &class_name = this->children[0]->text;
+
         /// \todo do this better
         // put class name in current scope so it can be looked up by the attrs and methods
-        t_ss.add_object("_current_class_name", const_var(this->children[0]->text));
+        t_ss.add_object("_current_class_name", const_var(class_name));
 
-        this->children[1]->eval(t_ss);
+        const bool has_base_class = (this->children.size() == 3);
+        const auto &block = has_base_class ? this->children[2] : this->children[1];
+
+        // Register inheritance before evaluating the class body so that
+        // function dispatch ordering can account for the relationship
+        if (has_base_class) {
+          const auto &base_name = this->children[1]->text;
+          dispatch::Dynamic_Object::register_inheritance(class_name, base_name);
+        }
+
+        block->eval(t_ss);
 
         return void_var();
       }
     };
 
+    template<typename T>
+    struct Using_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
+      Using_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
+          : AST_Node_Impl<T>(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Using, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) {
+        assert(this->children.size() == 2);
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+        const auto &new_type_name = this->children[0]->text;
+        const auto &base_type_name = this->children[1]->text;
+
+        const auto base_type = t_ss->get_type(base_type_name, true);
+
+        t_ss->add(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(), new_type_name);
+
+        dispatch::Param_Types param_types(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>>{
+            {new_type_name, Type_Info()},
+            {base_type_name, base_type}});
+
+        auto ctor_body = dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+            [](const Function_Params &t_params) -> Boxed_Value {
+              auto *obj = static_cast<dispatch::Dynamic_Object *>(t_params[0].get_ptr());
+              obj->get_attr("__value") = t_params[1];
+              return void_var();
+            },
+            2,
+            std::shared_ptr<AST_Node>(),
+            param_types);
+
+        try {
+          t_ss->add(std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Constructor>(new_type_name, ctor_body), new_type_name);
+        } catch (const exception::name_conflict_error &e) {
+          throw exception::eval_error("Type alias redefined '" + e.name() + "'");
+        }
+
+        dispatch::Param_Types to_underlying_param_types(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>>{
+            {new_type_name, user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>()}});
+
+        auto to_underlying_body = dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+            [](const Function_Params &t_params) -> Boxed_Value {
+              const auto *obj = static_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object *>(t_params[0].get_const_ptr());
+              return obj->get_attr("__value");
+            },
+            1,
+            std::shared_ptr<AST_Node>(),
+            to_underlying_param_types);
+
+        t_ss->add(to_underlying_body, "to_underlying");
+
+        auto &engine = *t_ss;
+
+        struct Op_Entry {
+          const char *name;
+          Operators::Opers oper;
+          bool rewrap;
+        };
+
+        static constexpr Op_Entry ops[] = {
+            {"+", Operators::Opers::sum, true},
+            {"-", Operators::Opers::difference, true},
+            {"*", Operators::Opers::product, true},
+            {"/", Operators::Opers::quotient, true},
+            {"%", Operators::Opers::remainder, true},
+            {"<<", Operators::Opers::shift_left, true},
+            {">>", Operators::Opers::shift_right, true},
+            {"&", Operators::Opers::bitwise_and, true},
+            {"|", Operators::Opers::bitwise_or, true},
+            {"^", Operators::Opers::bitwise_xor, true},
+            {"<", Operators::Opers::less_than, false},
+            {">", Operators::Opers::greater_than, false},
+            {"<=", Operators::Opers::less_than_equal, false},
+            {">=", Operators::Opers::greater_than_equal, false},
+            {"==", Operators::Opers::equals, false},
+            {"!=", Operators::Opers::not_equal, false},
+        };
+
+        for (const auto &op : ops) {
+          t_ss->add(
+              chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, detail::Strong_Typedef_Binary_Op>(
+                  new_type_name, std::string(op.name), op.oper, op.rewrap, engine),
+              op.name);
+        }
+
+        struct Compound_Op_Entry {
+          const char *name;
+          Operators::Opers base_oper;
+          const char *base_op_name;
+        };
+
+        static constexpr Compound_Op_Entry compound_ops[] = {
+            {"+=", Operators::Opers::sum, "+"},
+            {"-=", Operators::Opers::difference, "-"},
+            {"*=", Operators::Opers::product, "*"},
+            {"/=", Operators::Opers::quotient, "/"},
+            {"%=", Operators::Opers::remainder, "%"},
+            {"<<=", Operators::Opers::shift_left, "<<"},
+            {">>=", Operators::Opers::shift_right, ">>"},
+            {"&=", Operators::Opers::bitwise_and, "&"},
+            {"|=", Operators::Opers::bitwise_or, "|"},
+            {"^=", Operators::Opers::bitwise_xor, "^"},
+        };
+
+        for (const auto &op : compound_ops) {
+          t_ss->add(
+              chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, detail::Strong_Typedef_Compound_Assign_Op>(
+                  new_type_name, std::string(op.name), op.base_oper, std::string(op.base_op_name), engine),
+              op.name);
+        }
+
+        return void_var();
+      }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct Enum_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
+      Enum_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
+          : AST_Node_Impl<T>(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Enum, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) {
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+        const auto &enum_name = this->children[0]->text;
+        const auto &underlying_type_name = this->children[1]->text;
+        const auto underlying_ti = t_ss->get_type(underlying_type_name);
+
+        dispatch::Dynamic_Object container(enum_name);
+        std::vector<Boxed_Value> valid_values;
+
+        for (size_t i = 2; i < this->children.size(); i += 2) {
+          const auto &val_name = this->children[i]->text;
+          const auto val_bv = Boxed_Number(this->children[i + 1]->eval(t_ss)).get_as(underlying_ti).bv;
+          valid_values.push_back(val_bv);
+
+          dispatch::Dynamic_Object dobj(enum_name);
+          dobj.get_attr("value") = val_bv;
+          dobj.set_explicit(true);
+          container[val_name] = const_var(dobj);
+        }
+
+        auto shared_valid = std::make_shared<const std::vector<Boxed_Value>>(std::move(valid_values));
+
+        container[enum_name] = var(
+            fun([shared_valid, enum_name, underlying_ti](const Boxed_Number &t_val) -> Boxed_Value {
+              const auto converted = t_val.get_as(underlying_ti);
+              for (const auto &v : *shared_valid) {
+                if (Boxed_Number::equals(Boxed_Number(v), converted)) {
+                  dispatch::Dynamic_Object dobj(enum_name);
+                  dobj.get_attr("value") = converted.bv;
+                  dobj.set_explicit(true);
+                  return const_var(dobj);
+                }
+              }
+              throw exception::eval_error("Value is not valid for enum '" + enum_name + "'");
+            }));
+
+        t_ss->add_global_const(const_var(container), enum_name);
+
+        t_ss->add(
+            std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(
+                enum_name,
+                fun([](const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &lhs, const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &rhs) {
+                  return Boxed_Number::equals(Boxed_Number(lhs.get_attr("value")), Boxed_Number(rhs.get_attr("value")));
+                })),
+            "==");
+
+        t_ss->add(
+            std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(
+                enum_name,
+                fun([](const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &lhs, const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &rhs) {
+                  return !Boxed_Number::equals(Boxed_Number(lhs.get_attr("value")), Boxed_Number(rhs.get_attr("value")));
+                })),
+            "!=");
+
+        t_ss->add(
+            std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(
+                enum_name,
+                fun([](const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &obj) { return obj.get_attr("value"); })),
+            "to_underlying");
+
+        return void_var();
+      }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct Namespace_Block_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
+      Namespace_Block_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
+          : AST_Node_Impl<T>(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Namespace_Block, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) {
+      }
+
+      Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const override {
+        const auto &ns_name = this->children[0]->text;
+
+        auto ns_name_bv = const_var(ns_name);
+        t_ss->call_function("namespace", m_ns_loc, Function_Params{ns_name_bv}, t_ss.conversions());
+
+        std::vector<std::string> parts;
+        {
+          std::string::size_type start = 0;
+          std::string::size_type pos = 0;
+          while ((pos = ns_name.find("::", start)) != std::string::npos) {
+            parts.push_back(ns_name.substr(start, pos - start));
+            start = pos + 2;
+          }
+          parts.push_back(ns_name.substr(start));
+        }
+
+        Boxed_Value ns_bv = t_ss.get_object(parts[0], m_root_loc);
+
+        for (size_t i = 1; i < parts.size(); ++i) {
+          auto &parent_ns = boxed_cast<dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(ns_bv);
+          ns_bv = parent_ns.get_attr(parts[i]);
+        }
+
+        auto &target_ns = boxed_cast<dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(ns_bv);
+
+        const auto process_statement = [&](const AST_Node_Impl<T> &stmt) {
+          if (stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Def) {
+            const auto &def_node = static_cast<const Def_AST_Node<T> &>(stmt);
+            target_ns[def_node.children[0]->text] = Boxed_Value(Def_AST_Node<T>::make_proxy_function(def_node, t_ss));
+          } else if (stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Assign_Decl
+                     || stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Assign_Decl) {
+            const auto &var_name = stmt.children[0]->text;
+            auto value = detail::clone_if_necessary(stmt.children[1]->eval(t_ss), m_clone_loc, t_ss);
+            value.reset_return_value();
+            if (stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Assign_Decl) {
+              value.make_const();
+            }
+            target_ns[var_name] = std::move(value);
+          } else if (stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Equation
+                     && !stmt.children.empty()
+                     && (stmt.children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl
+                         || stmt.children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Var_Decl)) {
+            const auto &var_name = stmt.children[0]->children[0]->text;
+            auto value = detail::clone_if_necessary(stmt.children[1]->eval(t_ss), m_clone_loc, t_ss);
+            value.reset_return_value();
+            target_ns[var_name] = std::move(value);
+          } else if (stmt.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl) {
+            const auto &var_name = stmt.children[0]->text;
+            target_ns[var_name] = Boxed_Value();
+          } else {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Only declarations (def, var, auto, global) are allowed inside namespace blocks");
+          }
+        };
+
+        const auto &body = this->children[1];
+        if (body->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Block
+            || body->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Scopeless_Block) {
+          for (const auto &child : body->children) {
+            process_statement(*child);
+          }
+        } else {
+          process_statement(*body);
+        }
+
+        return void_var();
+      }
+
+    private:
+      mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_ns_loc = {0};
+      mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_root_loc = {0};
+      mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_clone_loc = {0};
+    };
+
     template<typename T>
     struct If_AST_Node final : AST_Node_Impl<T> {
       If_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> t_children)
@@ -985,8 +1464,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             if (this->children[currentCase]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Case) {
               // This is a little odd, but because want to see both the switch and the case simultaneously, I do a downcast here.
               try {
-                std::array<Boxed_Value, 2> p{match_value, this->children[currentCase]->children[0]->eval(t_ss)};
-                if (hasMatched || boxed_cast<bool>(t_ss->call_function("==", m_loc, Function_Params{p}, t_ss.conversions()))) {
+                if (hasMatched || boxed_cast<bool>(Binary_Operator_AST_Node<T>::do_oper(t_ss, Operators::Opers::equals, "==", match_value, this->children[currentCase]->children[0]->eval(t_ss), m_loc))) {
                   this->children[currentCase]->eval(t_ss);
                   hasMatched = true;
                 }
@@ -1256,6 +1734,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
       Boxed_Value handle_exception(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss, const Boxed_Value &t_except) const {
         Boxed_Value retval;
+        bool handled = false;
 
         size_t end_point = this->children.size();
         if (this->children.back()->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Finally) {
@@ -1269,6 +1748,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           if (catch_block.children.size() == 1) {
             // No variable capture
             retval = catch_block.children[0]->eval(t_ss);
+            handled = true;
             break;
           } else if (catch_block.children.size() == 2 || catch_block.children.size() == 3) {
             const auto name = Arg_List_AST_Node<T>::get_arg_name(*catch_block.children[0]);
@@ -1282,17 +1762,19 @@ namespace chaiscript {
               if (catch_block.children.size() == 2) {
                 // Variable capture
                 retval = catch_block.children[1]->eval(t_ss);
+                handled = true;
                 break;
               }
             }
           } else {
-            if (this->children.back()->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Finally) {
-              this->children.back()->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
-            }
             throw exception::eval_error("Internal error: catch block size unrecognized");
           }
         }
 
+        if (!handled) {
+          throw;
+        }
+
         return retval;
       }
 
@@ -1301,6 +1783,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
         chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
+        try {
           try {
             retval = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
           } catch (const exception::eval_error &e) {
@@ -1313,6 +1796,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             retval = handle_exception(t_ss, Boxed_Value(std::ref(e)));
           } catch (Boxed_Value &e) {
             retval = handle_exception(t_ss, e);
+          }
         } catch (...) {
           if (this->children.back()->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Finally) {
             this->children.back()->children[0]->eval(t_ss);

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_optimizer.hpp

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
     template<typename T>
     bool contains_var_decl_in_scope(const eval::AST_Node_Impl<T> &node) noexcept {
       if (node.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl || node.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Assign_Decl
+          || node.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Var_Decl || node.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Assign_Decl
           || node.identifier == AST_Node_Type::Reference) {
         return true;
       }
@@ -202,6 +203,14 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           return chaiscript::make_unique<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Assign_Decl_AST_Node<T>>(node->text,
                                                                                                 node->location,
                                                                                                 std::move(new_children));
+        } else if ((node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Equation) && node->text == "=" && node->children.size() == 2
+                   && node->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Const_Var_Decl) {
+          std::vector<eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> new_children;
+          new_children.push_back(std::move(node->children[0]->children[0]));
+          new_children.push_back(std::move(node->children[1]));
+          return chaiscript::make_unique<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Const_Assign_Decl_AST_Node<T>>(node->text,
+                                                                                                      node->location,
+                                                                                                      std::move(new_children));
         }
 
         return node;
@@ -388,8 +397,9 @@ namespace chaiscript {
                                         assert(children.size() == 1);
                                         chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
-                                        int i = start_int;
-                                        t_ss.add_object(id, var(&i));
+                                        Boxed_Value bv_i(start_int);
+                                        auto &i = *static_cast<int *>(bv_i.get_ptr());
+                                        t_ss.add_object(id, bv_i);
 
                                         try {
                                           for (; i < end_int; ++i) {

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp

@@ -1363,6 +1363,109 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         }
       }
 
+      /// Reads a raw string from input R"delimiter(content)delimiter", without skipping initial whitespace
+      bool Raw_String_() {
+        if (m_position.has_more() && (*m_position == 'R') && m_position.remaining() > 1 && *(m_position + 1) == '"') {
+          auto s = m_position + 2;
+
+          // Read the delimiter (may be empty)
+          std::string delimiter;
+          while (s.has_more() && *s != '(' && *s != '\n') {
+            delimiter.push_back(*s);
+            ++s;
+          }
+
+          if (!s.has_more() || *s != '(') {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          // Skip the opening '('
+          ++s;
+
+          // Build the closing sequence: )delimiter"
+          std::string close_seq = ")";
+          close_seq += delimiter;
+          close_seq += '"';
+
+          // Search for the closing sequence
+          while (s.has_more()) {
+            if (*s == close_seq[0]) {
+              // Check if we match the full closing sequence
+              auto t = s;
+              std::size_t i = 0;
+              while (t.has_more() && i < close_seq.size() && *t == close_seq[i]) {
+                ++t;
+                ++i;
+              }
+              if (i == close_seq.size()) {
+                // Found the closing sequence
+                m_position = t;
+                return true;
+              }
+            }
+            if (*s == '\n') {
+              m_position.col = 1;
+            }
+            ++s;
+          }
+
+          throw exception::eval_error("Unclosed raw string", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      /// Reads and captures a raw string from input. No escape processing or interpolation.
+      bool Raw_String() {
+        Depth_Counter dc{this};
+        SkipWS();
+
+        const auto start = m_position;
+
+        if (Raw_String_()) {
+          // Extract content between R"delimiter( and )delimiter"
+          auto s = start + 2; // skip R"
+
+          // Skip delimiter
+          std::string delimiter;
+          while (*s != '(') {
+            delimiter.push_back(*s);
+            ++s;
+          }
+          ++s; // skip '('
+
+          // Build closing sequence
+          std::string close_seq = ")";
+          close_seq += delimiter;
+          close_seq += '"';
+
+          // Extract raw content up to closing sequence
+          std::string match;
+          auto end = m_position; // m_position is already past the closing sequence
+
+          // Content is from s up to (end - close_seq.size())
+          // We need to find the closing sequence from s
+          while (s.has_more()) {
+            if (*s == close_seq[0]) {
+              auto t = s;
+              std::size_t i = 0;
+              while (t.has_more() && i < close_seq.size() && *t == close_seq[i]) {
+                ++t;
+                ++i;
+              }
+              if (i == close_seq.size() && t == end) {
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            match.push_back(*s);
+            ++s;
+          }
+
+          m_match_stack.push_back(make_node<eval::Constant_AST_Node<Tracer>>(match, start.line, start.col, const_var(match)));
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
       /// Reads a character group from input, without skipping initial whitespace
       bool Single_Quoted_String_() {
         bool retval = false;
@@ -1887,6 +1990,44 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       }
 
       /// Reads a class block from input
+      bool Namespace_Block() {
+        Depth_Counter dc{this};
+        const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
+        const auto prev_pos = m_position;
+
+        if (Keyword("namespace")) {
+          if (Id(true)) {
+            std::string ns_name = m_match_stack.back()->text;
+
+            while (Symbol("::")) {
+              if (!Id(true)) {
+                throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete namespace name after '::'",
+                                            File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                            *m_filename);
+              }
+              ns_name += "::" + m_match_stack.back()->text;
+              m_match_stack.pop_back();
+            }
+
+            m_match_stack.back() = make_node<eval::Id_AST_Node<Tracer>>(ns_name, prev_pos.line, prev_pos.col);
+
+            while (Eol()) {
+            }
+
+            if (Block()) {
+              build_match<eval::Namespace_Block_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
+              return true;
+            }
+          }
+
+          m_position = prev_pos;
+          while (prev_stack_top != m_match_stack.size()) {
+            m_match_stack.pop_back();
+          }
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
       bool Class(const bool t_class_allowed) {
         Depth_Counter dc{this};
         bool retval = false;
@@ -1908,6 +2049,13 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
           const auto class_name = m_match_stack.back()->text;
 
+          // Optionally parse ': BaseClassName' for inheritance
+          if (Char(':')) {
+            if (!Id(true)) {
+              throw exception::eval_error("Missing base class name in definition", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+            }
+          }
+
           while (Eol()) {
           }
 
@@ -1921,6 +2069,134 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         return retval;
       }
 
+      bool Using(const bool t_class_allowed) {
+        Depth_Counter dc{this};
+
+        const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
+
+        if (Keyword("using")) {
+          if (!t_class_allowed) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Type alias definitions only allowed at top scope",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          if (!Id(true)) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Missing type name in 'using' declaration",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          if (!Symbol("=", true)) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Missing '=' in 'using' declaration",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          if (!Id(true)) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Missing base type name in 'using' declaration",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          build_match<eval::Using_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      bool Enum(const bool t_allowed) {
+        Depth_Counter dc{this};
+        bool retval = false;
+
+        const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
+
+        if (Keyword("enum")) {
+          if (!Keyword("class") && !Keyword("struct")) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Expected 'class' or 'struct' after 'enum' (only 'enum class'/'enum struct' is supported)",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          if (!t_allowed) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Enum definitions only allowed at top scope",
+                                        File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                        *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          retval = true;
+
+          if (!Id(true)) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Missing enum class name in definition", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          std::string underlying_type = "int";
+          if (Char(':')) {
+            if (!Id(false)) {
+              throw exception::eval_error("Expected underlying type after ':'",
+                                          File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                          *m_filename);
+            }
+            underlying_type = m_match_stack.back()->text;
+            m_match_stack.pop_back();
+          }
+
+          m_match_stack.push_back(
+              make_node<eval::Constant_AST_Node<Tracer>>(underlying_type, m_position.line, m_position.col, const_var(underlying_type)));
+
+          if (!Char('{')) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Expected '{' after enum class declaration", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+          }
+
+          int next_value = 0;
+
+          while (Eol()) {
+          }
+
+          if (!Char('}')) {
+            do {
+              while (Eol()) {
+              }
+
+              if (!Id(true)) {
+                throw exception::eval_error("Expected enum value name", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+              }
+
+              if (Symbol("=")) {
+                if (!Num()) {
+                  throw exception::eval_error("Expected integer after '=' in enum definition",
+                                              File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                              *m_filename);
+                }
+                next_value = static_cast<int>(std::stoi(m_match_stack.back()->text));
+                m_match_stack.pop_back();
+              }
+
+              m_match_stack.push_back(
+                  make_node<eval::Constant_AST_Node<Tracer>>(std::to_string(next_value), m_position.line, m_position.col, const_var(next_value)));
+              ++next_value;
+
+              while (Eol()) {
+              }
+            } while (Char(',') && !Char('}'));
+
+            while (Eol()) {
+            }
+
+            if (!Char('}')) {
+              throw exception::eval_error("Expected '}' to close enum class definition",
+                                          File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col),
+                                          *m_filename);
+            }
+          }
+
+          build_match<eval::Enum_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
+        }
+
+        return retval;
+      }
+
       /// Reads a while block from input
       bool While() {
         Depth_Counter dc{this};
@@ -2172,7 +2448,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
 
         if (Keyword("return")) {
-          Operator();
+          Equation();
           build_match<eval::Return_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
           return true;
         } else {
@@ -2212,7 +2488,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         bool retval = false;
 
         const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
-        if (Lambda() || Num() || Quoted_String() || Single_Quoted_String() || Paren_Expression() || Inline_Container() || Id(false)) {
+        if (Lambda() || Num() || Raw_String() || Quoted_String() || Single_Quoted_String() || Paren_Expression() || Inline_Container() || Id(false)) {
           retval = true;
           bool has_more = true;
 
@@ -2269,7 +2545,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
               }
 
               build_match<eval::Array_Call_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
-            } else if (Symbol(".")) {
+            } else if (Symbol(".") || Symbol("::")) {
               has_more = true;
               if (!(Id(true))) {
                 throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete dot access fun call", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
@@ -2324,6 +2600,18 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete variable declaration", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
           }
 
+        } else if (Keyword("const")) {
+          retval = true;
+
+          // consume optional 'var' or 'auto' after 'const'
+          Keyword("var") || Keyword("auto");
+
+          if (Id(true)) {
+            build_match<eval::Const_Var_Decl_AST_Node<Tracer>>(prev_stack_top);
+          } else {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete const variable declaration", File_Position(m_position.line, m_position.col), *m_filename);
+          }
+
         } else if (Keyword("global")) {
           retval = true;
 
@@ -2614,7 +2902,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
         while (has_more) {
           const auto start = m_position;
-          if (Def(true, t_class_name) || Var_Decl(true, t_class_name)) {
+          if (Def(true, t_class_name)) {
             if (!saw_eol) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator",
                                           File_Position(start.line, start.col),
@@ -2623,6 +2911,15 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             has_more = true;
             retval = true;
             saw_eol = true;
+          } else if (Var_Decl(true, t_class_name)) {
+            if (!saw_eol) {
+              throw exception::eval_error("Two expressions missing line separator",
+                                          File_Position(start.line, start.col),
+                                          *m_filename);
+            }
+            has_more = true;
+            retval = true;
+            saw_eol = false;
           } else if (Eol()) {
             has_more = true;
             retval = true;
@@ -2645,7 +2942,7 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
         while (has_more) {
           const auto start = m_position;
-          if (Def() || Try() || If() || While() || Class(t_class_allowed) || For() || Switch()) {
+          if (Def() || Try() || If() || While() || Namespace_Block() || Class(t_class_allowed) || Using(t_class_allowed) || Enum(t_class_allowed) || For() || Switch()) {
             if (!saw_eol) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator",
                                           File_Position(start.line, start.col),

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp

@@ -426,6 +426,9 @@ namespace ChaiScript_Language {
     /// \brief Returns true if the type is "void"
     bool is_type_void() const;
 
+    /// \brief Returns true if the type is an arithmetic type (int, double, etc.)
+    bool is_type_arithmetic() const;
+
     /// \brief Returns the ChaiScript registered name for the type if one exists.
     string name() const;
   };
@@ -764,6 +767,90 @@ namespace ChaiScript_Language {
   /// \endcode
   bool call_exists(Function f, ...);
 
+  /// \brief Returns the type name of the given object as a string
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> type_name(1)
+  /// int
+  /// eval> type_name("hello")
+  /// string
+  /// \endcode
+  ///
+  /// \sa Type_Info::name()
+  /// \sa Object::get_type_info()
+  string type_name(Object o);
+
+  /// \brief Returns true if the object is of the named type
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> is_type(1, "int")
+  /// true
+  /// eval> is_type(1, "string")
+  /// false
+  /// \endcode
+  ///
+  /// \sa Object::is_type()
+  bool is_type(Object o, string type_name);
+
+  /// \brief Returns true if a function with the given name is registered
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> function_exists("print")
+  /// true
+  /// eval> function_exists("nonexistent")
+  /// false
+  /// \endcode
+  bool function_exists(string name);
+
+  /// \brief Returns a Map of all registered functions, keyed by function name
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> var funcs = get_functions()
+  /// eval> funcs["print"].get_arity()
+  /// 1
+  /// \endcode
+  ///
+  /// \sa Function
+  Map get_functions();
+
+  /// \brief Returns a Map of all scripting objects (variables), keyed by name
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> var x = 42
+  /// eval> var objs = get_objects()
+  /// eval> objs.count("x")
+  /// 1
+  /// \endcode
+  Map get_objects();
+
+  /// \brief Returns a Type_Info for the named type
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// eval> type("int").name()
+  /// int
+  /// \endcode
+  ///
+  /// \param type_name The name of the type to look up
+  /// \param throw_on_fail If true (default), throws if the type is not found
+  /// \sa Type_Info
+  Type_Info type(string type_name, bool throw_on_fail = true);
+
+  /// \brief Prints all registered functions to stdout
+  ///
+  /// Useful for debugging. Outputs a list of all functions registered in the system.
+  void dump_system();
+
+  /// \brief Prints information about the given object to stdout
+  ///
+  /// Useful for debugging. Outputs the type and value of the object.
+  void dump_object(Object o);
+
   /// \brief Reverses a Range object so that the elements are accessed in reverse
   Range retro(Range);
 

include/chaiscript/utility/json.hpp

@@ -460,17 +460,35 @@ namespace chaiscript::json {
               val += '\t';
               break;
             case 'u': {
-              val += "\\u";
+              std::string hex_matches;
               for (size_t i = 1; i <= 4; ++i) {
                 c = str.at(offset + i);
                 if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')) {
-                  val += c;
+                  hex_matches += c;
                 } else {
                   throw std::runtime_error(
                       std::string("JSON ERROR: String: Expected hex character in unicode escape, found '") + c + "'");
                 }
               }
               offset += 4;
+              const auto ch = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::stoi(hex_matches, nullptr, 16));
+              if (ch < 0x80) {
+                val += static_cast<char>(ch);
+              } else if (ch < 0x800) {
+                val += static_cast<char>(0xC0 | (ch >> 6));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F));
+              } else if (ch < 0x10000) {
+                val += static_cast<char>(0xE0 | (ch >> 12));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F));
+              } else if (ch < 0x200000) {
+                val += static_cast<char>(0xF0 | (ch >> 18));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x3F));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F));
+                val += static_cast<char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F));
+              } else {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: String: Invalid 32 bit universal character"));
+              }
             } break;
             default:
               val += '\\';

include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_SIMPLEJSON_WRAP_HPP
 #define CHAISCRIPT_SIMPLEJSON_WRAP_HPP
 
+#include "../dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp"
 #include "json.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
@@ -8,7 +9,10 @@ namespace chaiscript {
   public:
     static Module &library(Module &m) {
       m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
+      m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return object_from_json(t_str); }), "object_from_json");
       m.add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
+      m.add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::map_to_object), "map_to_object");
+      m.add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::object_to_map), "object_to_map");
 
       return m;
     }
@@ -57,6 +61,63 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       }
     }
 
+    static Boxed_Value object_from_json(const json::JSON &t_json) {
+      switch (t_json.JSONType()) {
+        case json::JSON::Class::Null:
+          return Boxed_Value();
+        case json::JSON::Class::Object: {
+          auto obj = dispatch::Dynamic_Object("JSON_Object");
+
+          for (const auto &p : t_json.object_range()) {
+            obj.get_attr(p.first) = object_from_json(p.second);
+          }
+
+          return Boxed_Value(std::move(obj));
+        }
+        case json::JSON::Class::Array: {
+          std::vector<Boxed_Value> vec;
+
+          for (const auto &p : t_json.array_range()) {
+            vec.emplace_back(object_from_json(p));
+          }
+
+          return Boxed_Value(vec);
+        }
+        case json::JSON::Class::String:
+          return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_string());
+        case json::JSON::Class::Floating:
+          return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_float());
+        case json::JSON::Class::Integral:
+          return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_int());
+        case json::JSON::Class::Boolean:
+          return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_bool());
+      }
+
+      throw std::runtime_error("Unknown JSON type");
+    }
+
+    static Boxed_Value object_from_json(const std::string &t_json) {
+      try {
+        return object_from_json(json::JSON::Load(t_json));
+      } catch (const std::out_of_range &) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unparsed JSON input");
+      }
+    }
+
+    static Boxed_Value map_to_object(const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> &t_map) {
+      auto obj = dispatch::Dynamic_Object("JSON_Object");
+
+      for (const auto &p : t_map) {
+        obj.get_attr(p.first) = p.second;
+      }
+
+      return Boxed_Value(std::move(obj));
+    }
+
+    static std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> object_to_map(const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &t_obj) {
+      return t_obj.get_attrs();
+    }
+
     static std::string to_json(const Boxed_Value &t_bv) { return to_json_object(t_bv).dump(); }
 
     static json::JSON to_json_object(const Boxed_Value &t_bv) {

readme.md

@@ -91,6 +91,16 @@ the doxygen documentation in the build folder or see the website
 http://www.chaiscript.com.
 
 
+Grammar
+=======
+
+A formal EBNF grammar for ChaiScript is available in
+[grammar/chaiscript.ebnf](grammar/chaiscript.ebnf). To view it as a railroad
+diagram, paste the grammar into
+[mingodad's railroad diagram generator](https://mingodad.github.io/plgh/json2ebnf.html)
+or [bottlecaps.de/rr](https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui).
+
+
 The shortest complete example possible follows:
 
 ```C++

releasenotes.md

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Current Version: 6.1.1
 
 ### Changes since 6.1.0
 
+ * Add `set_file_reader` callback for custom file loading #116 — allows overriding how `eval_file` and `use` read files
  * Handle the returning of `&` to `*` types. This specifically comes up with `std::vector<int *>` and similar containers
  * Update CMake to use `LIBDIR` instead of `lib` #502 by @guoyunhe
  * Add documentation for installing ChaiScript with vcpkg #500 by @grdowns

src/main.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check it.
 // PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <list>
 #include <regex>

src/sha3.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-//#include "hash.h"
+// #include "hash.h"
 #include <string>
 
 // define fixed size integer types
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
 #include <stdint.h>
 #endif
 
-
 /// compute SHA3 hash
 /** Usage:
     SHA3 sha3;
@@ -37,18 +36,21 @@ class SHA3 //: public Hash
 {
 public:
   /// algorithm variants
-  enum Bits { Bits224 = 224, Bits256 = 256, Bits384 = 384, Bits512 = 512 };
+  enum Bits { Bits224 = 224,
+              Bits256 = 256,
+              Bits384 = 384,
+              Bits512 = 512 };
 
   /// same as reset()
   explicit SHA3(Bits bits = Bits256);
 
   /// compute hash of a memory block
-  std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  std::string operator()(const void *data, size_t numBytes);
   /// compute hash of a string, excluding final zero
-  std::string operator()(const std::string& text);
+  std::string operator()(const std::string &text);
 
   /// add arbitrary number of bytes
-  void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  void add(const void *data, size_t numBytes);
 
   /// return latest hash as hex characters
   std::string getHash();
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
   /// process a full block
-  void processBlock(const void* data);
+  void processBlock(const void *data);
   /// process everything left in the internal buffer
   void processBuffer();
 

unittests/add_vs_add_global.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Test demonstrating the difference between add (local scope) and add_global/set_global (global scope)
+// See issue #554
+
+// --- Local variables (var / add) are scoped ---
+// A local variable defined in a block is not visible outside that block
+var local_val = 10
+assert_equal(local_val, 10)
+
+// Local variables can be reassigned in scope
+local_val = 20
+assert_equal(local_val, 20)
+
+// Local variables inside a function are not visible outside
+def set_local() {
+  var func_local = 99
+  assert_equal(func_local, 99)
+}
+set_local()
+
+// --- Globals (add_global) are visible everywhere, including inside functions ---
+var g_val = 42
+add_global(g_val, "my_global")
+
+def check_global() {
+  assert_equal(my_global, 42)
+}
+check_global()
+
+// add_global throws if the global already exists
+assert_throws("Name already exists in current context my_global", fun() { add_global(1, "my_global") })
+
+// --- set_global overwrites an existing global ---
+set_global(100, "my_global")
+assert_equal(my_global, 100)
+
+def check_global_updated() {
+  assert_equal(my_global, 100)
+}
+check_global_updated()
+
+// set_global can also create a new global if it doesn't exist
+set_global(77, "new_global")
+assert_equal(new_global, 77)

unittests/assign_no_aliasing.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Issue #635: optimized for loop with := must not produce dangling values
+// := is reference-assign, so ret aliases i and sees the loop exit value
+
+// Basic: capture loop variable via :=
+var ret = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+  ret := i
+}
+assert_equal(100, ret)
+
+// Return from function containing optimized for loop
+def loop_result() {
+  var ret = 0
+  for (var i = 0; i < 200; ++i) {
+    ret := i
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+assert_equal(200, loop_result())
+
+// Multiple calls return consistent results
+assert_equal(loop_result(), loop_result())
+
+// Nested optimized for loops
+var outer_val = 0
+var inner_val = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+  for (var j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {
+    inner_val := j
+  }
+  outer_val := i
+}
+assert_equal(10, outer_val)
+assert_equal(10, inner_val)
+
+// Value-assign (=) captures last body-iteration value, not exit value
+var ret2 = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+  ret2 = i
+}
+assert_equal(99, ret2)

unittests/async_engine_lifetime.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Regression test for #632 and #636: Heap-use-after-free in async threads
+// Async threads must complete before the engine is destroyed.
+
+var func = fun(){
+  var ret = 0;
+  for (var i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+    ret += i;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+var fut1 = async(func);
+var fut2 = async(func);
+
+// Wait for results to verify correctness
+assert_equal(fut1.get(), 499500);
+assert_equal(fut2.get(), 499500);

unittests/async_engine_lifetime_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Regression test for #632 and #636:
+// Heap-use-after-free when async threads outlive the ChaiScript engine.
+// The engine must join all outstanding async threads before destroying shared state.
+
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+
+int main() {
+  // Test 1: Async threads still running when engine is destroyed.
+  // Without the fix, this triggers heap-use-after-free under ASAN/TSAN.
+  for (int iter = 0; iter < 3; ++iter) {
+    {
+      chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+      try {
+        chai.eval(R"(
+          var func = fun(){
+            var ret = 0;
+            for (var i = 0; i < 5000; ++i) {
+              ret += i;
+            }
+            return ret;
+          }
+
+          var fut1 = async(func);
+          var fut2 = async(func);
+        )");
+        // Engine destroyed here without waiting for futures.
+      } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        // Exceptions are fine
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Test 2: Verify async still works correctly (results are accessible).
+  {
+    chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+    auto result = chai.eval<int>(R"(
+      var f = async(fun() { return 42; });
+      f.get();
+    )");
+    if (result != 42) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}

unittests/async_return_value.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Issue #635: async + optimized for loop must not segfault from dangling pointer
+// := is reference-assign, so ret aliases i and sees the loop exit value
+
+var func = fun(){
+  var ret = 0;
+  for (var i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+    ret := i;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+var&fut1 = async(func);
+var fut2 = async(func);
+
+assert_equal(1000, fut1.get())
+assert_equal(1000, fut2.get())
+
+// Multiple concurrent async calls to stress the scenario
+var results = []
+for (var n = 0; n < 5; ++n) {
+  results.push_back(async(func))
+}
+for (var n = 0; n < 5; ++n) {
+  assert_equal(1000, results[n].get())
+}

unittests/class_cheatsheet.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Test for class features documented in the cheatsheet
+
+// --- Class definition (preferred block syntax) ---
+class Rectangle {
+  var width
+  var height
+  def Rectangle(w, h) { this.width = w; this.height = h; }
+  def Rectangle() { this.width = 0; this.height = 0; }
+  def area() { this.width * this.height; }
+}
+
+auto r = Rectangle(3, 4)
+assert_equal(12, r.area())
+
+// --- Default constructor ---
+auto r2 = Rectangle()
+assert_equal(0, r2.area())
+
+// --- Alternative open syntax ---
+attr Circle::radius
+def Circle::Circle(r) { this.radius = r; }
+def Circle::circumference() { 2.0 * 3.14159 * this.radius; }
+
+auto c = Circle(5.0)
+assert_equal(5.0, c.radius)
+
+// --- attr, auto, var all work for attributes ---
+class AttrTest {
+  attr a
+  auto b
+  var c
+  def AttrTest() { this.a = 1; this.b = 2; this.c = 3; }
+}
+
+auto at = AttrTest()
+assert_equal(1, at.a)
+assert_equal(2, at.b)
+assert_equal(3, at.c)
+
+// --- Constructor guards ---
+class Clamped {
+  var value
+  def Clamped(x) : x >= 0 { this.value = x; }
+  def Clamped(x) { this.value = 0; }
+}
+
+assert_equal(5, Clamped(5).value)
+assert_equal(0, Clamped(-3).value)
+
+// --- Method guards ---
+class Abs {
+  var x
+  def Abs(v) { this.x = v; }
+  def get() : this.x >= 0 { this.x; }
+  def get() { -this.x; }
+}
+
+assert_equal(5, Abs(5).get())
+assert_equal(3, Abs(-3).get())
+
+// --- Operator overloading ---
+class Vec2 {
+  var x
+  var y
+  def Vec2(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
+  def `+`(other) { Vec2(this.x + other.x, this.y + other.y); }
+}
+
+auto v = Vec2(1, 2) + Vec2(3, 4)
+assert_equal(4, v.x)
+assert_equal(6, v.y)
+
+// --- Cloning objects ---
+auto r3 = Rectangle(10, 20)
+auto r4 = clone(r3)
+r4.width = 99
+assert_equal(10, r3.width)
+assert_equal(99, r4.width)
+
+// --- Dynamic attributes ---
+auto r5 = Rectangle(1, 1)
+r5.color = "red"
+assert_equal("red", r5.color)
+
+// --- Explicit mode ---
+class Strict {
+  var x
+  def Strict() {
+    this.x = 0
+    this.set_explicit(true)
+  }
+}
+
+auto s = Strict()
+assert_equal(0, s.x)
+assert_equal(true, s.is_explicit())
+
+try {
+  s.y = 10
+  assert_equal(true, false) // should not reach here
+} catch(e) {
+  // expected: cannot add dynamic attribute in explicit mode
+}

unittests/class_inheritance.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+
+class Base
+{
+  attr x
+
+  def Base()
+  {
+    this.x = 10
+  }
+
+  def do_something()
+  {
+    return this.x * 2
+  }
+}
+
+class Derived : Base
+{
+  attr y
+
+  def Derived()
+  {
+    this.x = 10
+    this.y = 20
+  }
+
+  def do_other()
+  {
+    return this.y * 3
+  }
+}
+
+// Test basic inheritance - derived can call base methods
+auto d = Derived()
+assert_equal(10, d.x)
+assert_equal(20, d.y)
+assert_equal(20, d.do_something())
+assert_equal(60, d.do_other())
+
+// Test base class still works independently
+auto b = Base()
+assert_equal(10, b.x)
+assert_equal(20, b.do_something())
+
+// Test method override
+class Derived2 : Base
+{
+  def Derived2()
+  {
+    this.x = 5
+  }
+
+  def do_something()
+  {
+    return this.x * 100
+  }
+}
+
+auto d2 = Derived2()
+assert_equal(500, d2.do_something())
+
+// Test passing a derived object to an untyped free function
+def call_do_something_untyped(obj) {
+  return obj.do_something()
+}
+
+auto d3 = Derived()
+assert_equal(20, call_do_something_untyped(d3))
+assert_equal(20, call_do_something_untyped(Base()))
+
+// Test typed functions: parameter declared as Base, accepts derived objects
+def call_do_something(Base obj) {
+  return obj.do_something()
+}
+
+assert_equal(20, call_do_something(Base()))
+assert_equal(20, call_do_something(d3))
+
+// Test typed function accessing base attributes on a derived object
+def get_x(Base obj) {
+  return obj.x
+}
+
+assert_equal(10, get_x(d3))
+assert_equal(10, get_x(Base()))
+
+// Test polymorphic dispatch through typed function: derived override is called
+auto d4 = Derived2()
+assert_equal(500, call_do_something(d4))
+
+// Test mixing base and derived in a container, calling base methods
+var objects = [Base(), Derived(), Derived2()]
+assert_equal(20, objects[0].do_something())
+assert_equal(20, objects[1].do_something())
+assert_equal(500, objects[2].do_something())
+
+// Test that derived objects still report correct type
+auto d5 = Derived()
+assert_true(d5.is_type("Derived"))
+
+// Test multi-level inheritance
+class GrandChild : Derived
+{
+  attr z
+
+  def GrandChild()
+  {
+    this.x = 1
+    this.y = 2
+    this.z = 3
+  }
+
+  def do_grandchild()
+  {
+    return this.z * 4
+  }
+}
+
+auto gc = GrandChild()
+assert_equal(1, gc.x)
+assert_equal(2, gc.y)
+assert_equal(3, gc.z)
+assert_equal(2, gc.do_something())   // Base method
+assert_equal(6, gc.do_other())       // Derived method
+assert_equal(12, gc.do_grandchild()) // Own method
+
+// Test passing grandchild to typed Base function (multi-level inheritance)
+assert_equal(2, call_do_something(gc))
+assert_equal(1, get_x(gc))
+
+// Test typed function expecting mid-level type
+def call_do_other(Derived obj) {
+  return obj.do_other()
+}
+
+assert_equal(6, call_do_other(gc))
+assert_equal(60, call_do_other(Derived()))

unittests/class_missing_line_separator.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+// Test that two var declarations on the same line in a class body
+// are rejected with a "missing line separator" error (issue #592)
+
+try {
+  eval("class Foo { var x var y }")
+  assert_true(false)
+} catch (eval_error) {
+}
+
+// Also verify that properly separated declarations still work
+class Bar {
+  var x
+  var y
+  def Bar() {
+    this.x = 1
+    this.y = 2
+  }
+}
+
+auto b = Bar()
+assert_equal(1, b.x)
+assert_equal(2, b.y)

unittests/const_var.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Test const variable declarations
+const var x = 5
+assert_equal(5, x)
+
+// Test that const variables cannot be reassigned
+assert_throws("Error: \"Error, cannot assign to constant value.\"", fun() { const var y = 10; y = 20 })
+
+// Test const with auto keyword
+const auto z = "hello"
+assert_equal("hello", z)
+
+// Test that const auto variables cannot be reassigned
+assert_throws("Error: \"Error, cannot assign to constant value.\"", fun() { const auto w = 3; w = 4 })
+
+// Test is_var_const on const var
+const var c = 42
+assert_true(c.is_var_const())
+
+// Test that non-const var is not const
+var nc = 42
+assert_false(nc.is_var_const())

unittests/conversion_functions.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Test that all conversion functions work across char, int, and string types
+
+// char() constructor
+assert_equal('A', char('A'))   // char from char (identity via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal('A', char(65))    // char from int (via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal('A', char("A"))   // char from string (new)
+
+// to_char() conversions
+assert_equal('A', to_char('A'))   // to_char from char (identity)
+assert_equal('A', to_char(65))    // to_char from int (new, via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal('A', to_char("A"))   // to_char from string (existing)
+
+// int() constructor
+assert_equal(65, int('A'))   // int from char (via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal(65, int(65))    // int from int (identity via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal(65, int("65"))  // int from string (new)
+
+// to_int() conversions
+assert_equal(65, to_int('A'))    // to_int from char (new, via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal(65, to_int(65))     // to_int from int (identity)
+assert_equal(65, to_int("65"))   // to_int from string (existing)
+
+// to_string() conversions
+assert_equal("A", to_string('A'))
+assert_equal("65", to_string(65))
+assert_equal("A", to_string("A"))
+
+// double conversions
+assert_equal(3.5, double("3.5"))       // double from string (new)
+assert_equal(3.5, to_double("3.5"))    // to_double from string (existing)
+assert_equal(65.0, to_double('A'))     // to_double from char (new, via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal(65.0, to_double(65))      // to_double from int (new, via Boxed_Number)
+assert_equal("3.5", to_string(3.5))    // to_string from double (existing)

unittests/emscripten_eval_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Test that validates the eval patterns used by the Emscripten wrapper.
+// Based on work by Rob Loach (https://github.com/RobLoach/ChaiScript.js)
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+#define CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD
+#define CHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD
+#endif
+
+#include "../emscripten/chaiscript_eval.hpp"
+#include <cassert>
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+
+int main() {
+  // Test eval (void return) - same as Emscripten eval()
+  chaiscript_eval("var x = 42");
+
+  // Test evalString - same as Emscripten evalString()
+  std::string s = chaiscript_eval_string("to_string(x)");
+  assert(s == "42");
+
+  // Test evalInt - same as Emscripten evalInt()
+  int i = chaiscript_eval_int("1 + 2");
+  assert(i == 3);
+
+  // Test evalBool - same as Emscripten evalBool()
+  bool b = chaiscript_eval_bool("true");
+  assert(b == true);
+
+  b = chaiscript_eval_bool("false");
+  assert(b == false);
+
+  // Test evalFloat - same as Emscripten evalFloat()
+  float f = chaiscript_eval_float("1.5f");
+  assert(std::abs(f - 1.5f) < 0.001f);
+
+  // Test evalDouble - same as Emscripten evalDouble()
+  double d = chaiscript_eval_double("3.14");
+  assert(std::abs(d - 3.14) < 0.001);
+
+  // Test a more complex expression
+  chaiscript_eval("def square(n) { return n * n; }");
+  int sq = chaiscript_eval_int("square(7)");
+  assert(sq == 49);
+
+  return 0;
+}

unittests/emscripten_exception_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Test that validates exception propagation through the Emscripten eval wrapper.
+// Without proper exception support flags (-fwasm-exceptions) in the WASM build,
+// C++ exceptions would cause an abort instead of being catchable.
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+#define CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD
+#define CHAISCRIPT_NO_DYNLOAD
+#endif
+
+#include "../emscripten/chaiscript_eval.hpp"
+#include <cassert>
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+int main() {
+  // Verify that ChaiScript evaluation errors propagate as exceptions
+  // through the eval wrapper functions. In WASM builds without exception
+  // support, these would abort instead of throwing.
+
+  bool caught = false;
+
+  // Test 1: eval with undefined variable should throw
+  caught = false;
+  try {
+    chaiscript_eval("this_variable_does_not_exist");
+  } catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &) {
+    caught = true;
+  }
+  assert(caught && "eval of undefined variable must throw eval_error");
+
+  // Test 2: evalString with a type mismatch should throw
+  caught = false;
+  try {
+    chaiscript_eval_string("1 + 2");
+  } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+    caught = true;
+  }
+  assert(caught && "evalString with non-string result must throw bad_boxed_cast");
+
+  // Test 3: evalInt with invalid syntax should throw
+  caught = false;
+  try {
+    chaiscript_eval_int("def {}");
+  } catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &) {
+    caught = true;
+  }
+  assert(caught && "evalInt with syntax error must throw eval_error");
+
+  // Test 4: eval with throw statement should propagate exception
+  caught = false;
+  try {
+    chaiscript_eval("throw(\"user exception\")");
+  } catch (const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &) {
+    caught = true;
+  } catch (...) {
+    caught = true;
+  }
+  assert(caught && "ChaiScript throw must propagate as an exception");
+
+  // Test 5: Verify normal operation still works after caught exceptions
+  chaiscript_eval("var post_exception_test = 100");
+  const int result = chaiscript_eval_int("post_exception_test");
+  assert(result == 100 && "normal eval must work after caught exceptions");
+
+  std::cout << "All emscripten exception tests passed.\n";
+  return 0;
+}

unittests/enum.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Basic enum class definition (default underlying type: int)
+enum class Color { Red, Green, Blue }
+
+// Access via :: syntax
+auto r = Color::Red
+auto g = Color::Green
+auto b = Color::Blue
+
+// Equality and inequality
+assert_true(Color::Red == Color::Red)
+assert_false(Color::Red == Color::Green)
+assert_true(Color::Red != Color::Green)
+assert_false(Color::Red != Color::Red)
+
+// Constructor from valid underlying value
+auto c = Color::Color(1)
+assert_true(c == Color::Green)
+
+// Constructor from invalid value throws
+try {
+  Color::Color(52)
+  assert_true(false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // expected
+}
+
+// Strong typing: function with typed parameter
+def takes_color(Color val) { val }
+takes_color(Color::Red)
+takes_color(Color::Green)
+takes_color(Color::Color(2))
+
+// Cannot pass int where Color is expected
+try {
+  takes_color(52)
+  assert_true(false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // expected: dispatch error
+}
+
+// to_underlying accessor
+assert_equal(0, Color::Red.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(1, Color::Green.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(2, Color::Blue.to_underlying())
+
+// Enum class with explicit values
+enum class Priority { Low = 10, Medium = 20, High = 30 }
+assert_equal(10, Priority::Low.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(20, Priority::Medium.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(30, Priority::High.to_underlying())
+
+auto p = Priority::Priority(20)
+assert_true(p == Priority::Medium)
+
+// Mixed auto and explicit values
+enum class Status { Pending, Active = 5, Done }
+assert_equal(0, Status::Pending.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(5, Status::Active.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(6, Status::Done.to_underlying())
+
+// Switch on enum values
+var result = ""
+switch(Color::Green) {
+  case (Color::Red) {
+    result = "red"
+    break
+  }
+  case (Color::Green) {
+    result = "green"
+    break
+  }
+  case (Color::Blue) {
+    result = "blue"
+    break
+  }
+}
+assert_equal("green", result)
+
+// Switch on enum with explicit values
+var prio_result = ""
+switch(Priority::High) {
+  case (Priority::Low) {
+    prio_result = "low"
+    break
+  }
+  case (Priority::Medium) {
+    prio_result = "medium"
+    break
+  }
+  case (Priority::High) {
+    prio_result = "high"
+    break
+  }
+}
+assert_equal("high", prio_result)
+
+// Enum class with explicit underlying type
+enum class Flags : char { Read = 1, Write = 2, Execute = 4 }
+assert_equal(1, Flags::Read.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(2, Flags::Write.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(4, Flags::Execute.to_underlying())
+
+auto f = Flags::Flags(2)
+assert_true(f == Flags::Write)
+
+// enum struct syntax (equivalent to enum class, like C++)
+enum struct Direction { North, East, South, West }
+assert_equal(0, Direction::North.to_underlying())
+assert_equal(3, Direction::West.to_underlying())
+assert_true(Direction::East != Direction::South)

unittests/exception_comprehensive.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,862 @@
+// Comprehensive exception throwing and catching tests
+// Tests throw/catch from various contexts: operators, functions, lambdas,
+// methods, [] operator, nested scopes, and with various value types.
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 1: Throwing and catching different value types
+// ============================================================
+
+// Throw int
+try {
+  throw(42)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(42, e)
+}
+
+// Throw string
+try {
+  throw("error message")
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("error message", e)
+}
+
+// Throw double
+try {
+  throw(3.14)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(3.14, e)
+}
+
+// Throw bool
+try {
+  throw(true)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(true, e)
+}
+
+// Throw a Vector (via named variable to preserve mutability)
+auto thrown_vec = [1, 2, 3]
+try {
+  throw(thrown_vec)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(3, e.size())
+  assert_equal(1, e[0])
+  assert_equal(2, e[1])
+  assert_equal(3, e[2])
+}
+
+// Throw a Map (via named variable to preserve mutability)
+auto thrown_map = ["key": 42]
+try {
+  throw(thrown_map)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(42, e["key"])
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 2: Typed catch blocks
+// ============================================================
+
+// Typed catch matching int
+auto typed_result = 0
+try {
+  throw(10)
+}
+catch(int e) {
+  typed_result = e + 1
+}
+assert_equal(11, typed_result)
+
+// Typed catch matching string
+typed_result = 0
+try {
+  throw("hello")
+}
+catch(string e) {
+  typed_result = 1
+}
+assert_equal(1, typed_result)
+
+// Typed catch mismatch falls through to untyped
+typed_result = 0
+try {
+  throw(42)
+}
+catch(string e) {
+  typed_result = 1
+}
+catch(e) {
+  typed_result = 2
+}
+assert_equal(2, typed_result)
+
+// Multiple typed catches - first match wins
+typed_result = 0
+try {
+  throw("test")
+}
+catch(int e) {
+  typed_result = 1
+}
+catch(string e) {
+  typed_result = 2
+}
+catch(e) {
+  typed_result = 3
+}
+assert_equal(2, typed_result)
+
+// Typed catch with int, multiple typed blocks, none match except untyped
+typed_result = 0
+try {
+  throw(3.14)
+}
+catch(int e) {
+  typed_result = 1
+}
+catch(string e) {
+  typed_result = 2
+}
+catch(e) {
+  typed_result = 3
+}
+assert_equal(3, typed_result)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 3: Catch-all (no variable) catch block
+// ============================================================
+
+auto catch_all_reached = false
+try {
+  throw(99)
+}
+catch {
+  catch_all_reached = true
+}
+assert_true(catch_all_reached)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 4: Finally block semantics
+// ============================================================
+
+// Finally runs after exception
+auto finally_ran = false
+try {
+  throw(1)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  // caught
+}
+finally {
+  finally_ran = true
+}
+assert_true(finally_ran)
+
+// Finally runs without exception
+finally_ran = false
+try {
+  auto x = 1
+}
+catch(e) {
+  // not reached
+}
+finally {
+  finally_ran = true
+}
+assert_true(finally_ran)
+
+// Finally runs even with typed catch that matches
+finally_ran = false
+try {
+  throw(42)
+}
+catch(int e) {
+  assert_equal(42, e)
+}
+finally {
+  finally_ran = true
+}
+assert_true(finally_ran)
+
+// Finally runs when typed catch does NOT match (exception not caught)
+finally_ran = false
+auto outer_caught = false
+try {
+  try {
+    throw(42)
+  }
+  catch(string e) {
+    // wrong type, won't match
+  }
+  finally {
+    finally_ran = true
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  outer_caught = true
+}
+assert_true(finally_ran)
+assert_true(outer_caught)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 5: Throwing from functions
+// ============================================================
+
+def throwing_function() {
+  throw("from function")
+}
+
+try {
+  throwing_function()
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("from function", e)
+}
+
+// Throwing from nested function calls
+def inner_throw() {
+  throw("inner")
+}
+
+def outer_call() {
+  inner_throw()
+}
+
+try {
+  outer_call()
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("inner", e)
+}
+
+// Function that throws conditionally
+def conditional_throw(should_throw) {
+  if (should_throw) {
+    throw("conditional")
+  }
+  return "no throw"
+}
+
+assert_equal("no throw", conditional_throw(false))
+
+try {
+  conditional_throw(true)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("conditional", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 6: Throwing from lambdas
+// ============================================================
+
+auto throwing_lambda = fun() { throw("from lambda") }
+
+try {
+  throwing_lambda()
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("from lambda", e)
+}
+
+// Lambda that captures and throws
+auto captured_val = "captured"
+auto capture_lambda = fun[captured_val]() { throw(captured_val) }
+
+try {
+  capture_lambda()
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("captured", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 7: Throwing from binary operators
+// ============================================================
+
+// Define a type and an operator that throws
+attr ThrowOnAdd::val
+def ThrowOnAdd::ThrowOnAdd(v) { this.val = v }
+
+def `+`(ThrowOnAdd x, ThrowOnAdd y) {
+  throw("add not supported")
+}
+
+try {
+  auto a = ThrowOnAdd(1)
+  auto b = ThrowOnAdd(2)
+  auto c = a + b
+  assert_true(false) // should not reach here
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("add not supported", e)
+}
+
+// Operator that throws for specific values
+def `-`(ThrowOnAdd x, ThrowOnAdd y) {
+  if (x.val == y.val) {
+    throw("cannot subtract equal values")
+  }
+  return ThrowOnAdd(x.val - y.val)
+}
+
+try {
+  auto a = ThrowOnAdd(5)
+  auto b = ThrowOnAdd(5)
+  auto c = a - b
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("cannot subtract equal values", e)
+}
+
+// Multiplication operator that throws (not pre-defined for Dynamic_Object)
+def `*`(ThrowOnAdd x, ThrowOnAdd y) {
+  throw("multiply not supported")
+}
+
+try {
+  auto a = ThrowOnAdd(1)
+  auto b = ThrowOnAdd(2)
+  auto c = a * b
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("multiply not supported", e)
+}
+
+// Subtraction works for non-equal values
+auto sub_result = ThrowOnAdd(10) - ThrowOnAdd(3)
+assert_equal(7, sub_result.val)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 8: Throwing from unary/prefix operators
+// ============================================================
+
+def `++`(ThrowOnAdd x) {
+  throw("increment not supported")
+}
+
+try {
+  auto a = ThrowOnAdd(1)
+  ++a
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("increment not supported", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 9: Throwing from [] operator
+// ============================================================
+
+attr ThrowOnIndex::data
+def ThrowOnIndex::ThrowOnIndex() { this.data = [1, 2, 3] }
+
+def `[]`(ThrowOnIndex obj, int idx) {
+  if (idx < 0) {
+    throw("negative index not allowed")
+  }
+  return obj.data[idx]
+}
+
+auto toi = ThrowOnIndex()
+assert_equal(1, toi[0])
+assert_equal(2, toi[1])
+
+try {
+  auto val = toi[-1]
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("negative index not allowed", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 10: Throwing from member functions
+// ============================================================
+
+attr Validatable::value
+def Validatable::Validatable(v) { this.value = v }
+
+def Validatable::validate() {
+  if (this.value < 0) {
+    throw("validation failed: negative value")
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+auto valid_obj = Validatable(10)
+assert_true(valid_obj.validate())
+
+auto invalid_obj = Validatable(-1)
+try {
+  invalid_obj.validate()
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("validation failed: negative value", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 11: Nested try/catch
+// ============================================================
+
+auto inner_caught = false
+auto outer_caught_val = 0
+try {
+  try {
+    throw(1)
+  }
+  catch(e) {
+    inner_caught = true
+    throw(e + 10)
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  outer_caught_val = e
+}
+assert_true(inner_caught)
+assert_equal(11, outer_caught_val)
+
+// Deeply nested try/catch
+auto depth = 0
+try {
+  try {
+    try {
+      throw("deep")
+    }
+    catch(e) {
+      depth = 1
+      throw(e + "er")
+    }
+  }
+  catch(e) {
+    depth = 2
+    throw(e + "est")
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  depth = 3
+  assert_equal("deeperest", e)
+}
+assert_equal(3, depth)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 12: Rethrow from catch block
+// ============================================================
+
+auto rethrow_caught = false
+try {
+  try {
+    throw("rethrown")
+  }
+  catch(e) {
+    throw(e)
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  rethrow_caught = true
+  assert_equal("rethrown", e)
+}
+assert_true(rethrow_caught)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 13: Exception in for loop
+// ============================================================
+
+auto loop_exception_val = 0
+try {
+  for (auto i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    if (i == 5) {
+      throw(i)
+    }
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  loop_exception_val = e
+}
+assert_equal(5, loop_exception_val)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 14: Exception in while loop
+// ============================================================
+
+auto while_exc_val = 0
+auto counter = 0
+try {
+  while (true) {
+    ++counter
+    if (counter == 3) {
+      throw(counter)
+    }
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  while_exc_val = e
+}
+assert_equal(3, while_exc_val)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 15: Exception preserves value through nested calls
+// ============================================================
+
+def deep_throw(val) {
+  throw(val)
+}
+
+def middle_call(val) {
+  deep_throw(val)
+}
+
+def top_call(val) {
+  middle_call(val)
+}
+
+auto nested_map = ["key": "value"]
+try {
+  top_call(nested_map)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("value", e["key"])
+}
+
+auto nested_vec = [10, 20, 30]
+try {
+  top_call(nested_vec)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(3, e.size())
+  assert_equal(20, e[1])
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 16: Code after throw is not executed
+// ============================================================
+
+auto after_throw = false
+try {
+  throw(1)
+  after_throw = true
+}
+catch(e) {
+  // caught
+}
+assert_false(after_throw)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 17: Exception value is usable in catch block arithmetic
+// ============================================================
+
+auto catch_computed = 0
+try {
+  throw(1)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  catch_computed = e + 100
+}
+assert_equal(101, catch_computed)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 18: No exception means catch is skipped
+// ============================================================
+
+auto catch_skipped = true
+try {
+  auto x = 42
+}
+catch(e) {
+  catch_skipped = false
+}
+assert_true(catch_skipped)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 19: Exception from dynamic object method chaining
+// ============================================================
+
+attr Chain::val
+def Chain::Chain(v) { this.val = v }
+
+def Chain::add(n) {
+  if (this.val + n > 100) {
+    throw("overflow: " + to_string(this.val + n))
+  }
+  this.val = this.val + n
+  return this
+}
+
+auto chain = Chain(50)
+try {
+  chain.add(30).add(30)
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("overflow: 110", e)
+}
+assert_equal(80, chain.val)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 20: Exception thrown during map construction
+// ============================================================
+
+def exploding_value() {
+  throw("boom during construction")
+}
+
+try {
+  auto m = ["ok": 1, "bad": exploding_value()]
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("boom during construction", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 21: Exception thrown during vector construction
+// ============================================================
+
+try {
+  auto v = [1, 2, exploding_value(), 4]
+  assert_true(false)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("boom during construction", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 22: Exception in if-condition
+// ============================================================
+
+def exploding_condition() {
+  throw("condition exploded")
+}
+
+try {
+  if (exploding_condition()) {
+    assert_true(false)
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("condition exploded", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 23: Multiple catch blocks - only first matching runs
+// ============================================================
+
+auto catch_count = 0
+try {
+  throw(42)
+}
+catch(int e) {
+  ++catch_count
+}
+catch(e) {
+  ++catch_count
+}
+assert_equal(1, catch_count)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 24: Throwing from within catch, with finally
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s24_finally = false
+auto s24_outer = false
+try {
+  try {
+    throw("original")
+  }
+  catch(e) {
+    throw("replaced: " + e)
+  }
+  finally {
+    s24_finally = true
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s24_outer = true
+  assert_equal("replaced: original", e)
+}
+assert_true(s24_finally)
+assert_true(s24_outer)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 25: Unhandled typed catch propagates exception
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s25_caught = false
+try {
+  try {
+    throw(3.14)
+  }
+  catch(int e) {
+    assert_true(false) // should not match double
+  }
+  catch(string e) {
+    assert_true(false) // should not match double
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s25_caught = true
+  assert_equal(3.14, e)
+}
+assert_true(s25_caught)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 26: Throw from range-based for
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s26_val = 0
+try {
+  for (x : [10, 20, 30, 40]) {
+    if (x == 30) {
+      throw(x)
+    }
+  }
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s26_val = e
+}
+assert_equal(30, s26_val)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 27: Throw from eval
+// ============================================================
+
+try {
+  eval("throw(\"from eval\")")
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("from eval", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 28: Exception from built-in operations (out of range)
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s28_caught = false
+try {
+  auto v = [1, 2, 3]
+  auto x = v[10]
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s28_caught = true
+}
+assert_true(s28_caught)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 29: Throw zero and empty string (falsy values)
+// ============================================================
+
+try {
+  throw(0)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal(0, e)
+}
+
+try {
+  throw("")
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 30: Throw from ternary-style inline_if
+// ============================================================
+
+def maybe_throw(do_it) {
+  if (do_it) { throw("inline threw") } else { "ok" }
+}
+
+try {
+  maybe_throw(true)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("inline threw", e)
+}
+assert_equal("ok", maybe_throw(false))
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 31: Verify catch variable scope isolation
+// ============================================================
+
+auto outer_e = "untouched"
+try {
+  throw("caught_value")
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("caught_value", e)
+}
+assert_equal("untouched", outer_e)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 32: Exception from recursive function
+// ============================================================
+
+def recursive_throw(n) {
+  if (n == 0) {
+    throw("bottom")
+  }
+  recursive_throw(n - 1)
+}
+
+try {
+  recursive_throw(5)
+}
+catch(e) {
+  assert_equal("bottom", e)
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 33: Try/catch in a function body
+// ============================================================
+
+def safe_divide(a, b) {
+  try {
+    if (b == 0) {
+      throw("division by zero")
+    }
+    return a / b
+  }
+  catch(e) {
+    return e
+  }
+}
+
+assert_equal(5, safe_divide(10, 2))
+assert_equal("division by zero", safe_divide(10, 0))
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 34: Throw from [] on a Map with missing key
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s34_caught = false
+try {
+  auto m = ["a": 1]
+  auto x = m["nonexistent"]
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s34_caught = true
+}
+assert_true(s34_caught)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Section 35: Arithmetic exception (divide by zero)
+// ============================================================
+
+auto s35_caught = false
+try {
+  auto x = 1 / 0
+}
+catch(e) {
+  s35_caught = true
+}
+assert_true(s35_caught)

unittests/grammar_constructs.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Regression test: exercises grammar constructs documented in grammar/chaiscript.ebnf
+
+// --- Variable declarations ---
+var a = 1
+auto b = 2
+global c = 3
+const d = 42
+
+assert_equal(1, a)
+assert_equal(2, b)
+assert_equal(3, c)
+assert_equal(42, d)
+
+// --- Reference variables ---
+var orig = 10
+var &ref = orig
+ref = 20
+assert_equal(20, orig)
+
+// --- Numeric literals ---
+assert_equal(255, 0xFF)
+assert_equal(255, 0xff)
+assert_equal(5, 0b101)
+assert_equal(42, 42)
+assert_equal(3.14, 3.14)
+
+// --- String interpolation ---
+var name = "world"
+assert_equal("hello world", "hello ${name}")
+
+// --- Escape sequences ---
+assert_equal("\n", "\n")
+assert_equal("\t", "\t")
+
+// --- Single-quoted char ---
+assert_equal('A', 'A')
+
+// --- Operators and precedence ---
+assert_equal(7, 1 + 2 * 3)
+assert_equal(true, 5 > 3 && 2 < 4)
+assert_equal(true, false || true)
+assert_equal(6, 3 << 1)
+assert_equal(1, 3 >> 1)
+assert_equal(5, 7 & 5)
+assert_equal(7, 5 | 3)
+assert_equal(6, 5 ^ 3)
+assert_equal(-1, ~0)
+
+// --- Ternary operator ---
+assert_equal("yes", true ? "yes" : "no")
+assert_equal("no", false ? "yes" : "no")
+
+// --- Prefix operators ---
+var x = 5
+++x
+assert_equal(6, x)
+--x
+assert_equal(5, x)
+assert_equal(true, !false)
+
+// --- Assignment operators ---
+var v = 10
+v += 5; assert_equal(15, v)
+v -= 3; assert_equal(12, v)
+v *= 2; assert_equal(24, v)
+v /= 4; assert_equal(6, v)
+v %= 4; assert_equal(2, v)
+v <<= 2; assert_equal(8, v)
+v >>= 1; assert_equal(4, v)
+v |= 3; assert_equal(7, v)
+v &= 5; assert_equal(5, v)
+v ^= 3; assert_equal(6, v)
+
+// --- Lambda ---
+var add = fun(a, b) { a + b }
+assert_equal(5, add(2, 3))
+
+// --- Lambda with capture ---
+var captured = 100
+var get_captured = fun[captured]() { captured }
+assert_equal(100, get_captured())
+
+// --- Function definition ---
+def multiply(a, b) { a * b }
+assert_equal(12, multiply(3, 4))
+
+// --- Guard condition on function ---
+def abs_val(x) : x >= 0 { x }
+def abs_val(x) : x < 0 { -x }
+assert_equal(5, abs_val(5))
+assert_equal(5, abs_val(-5))
+
+// --- Class definition ---
+class Animal
+{
+  attr sound
+  def Animal(s) { this.sound = s }
+  def speak() { this.sound }
+}
+
+var dog = Animal("woof")
+assert_equal("woof", dog.speak())
+
+// --- Class with inheritance ---
+class Puppy : Animal
+{
+  attr name
+  def Puppy(n, s) { this.name = n; this.sound = s }
+  def greet() { to_string(this.name) + " says " + to_string(this.speak()) }
+}
+
+var p = Puppy("Rex", "yip")
+assert_equal("Rex says yip", p.greet())
+
+// --- Control flow: if/else ---
+var result = ""
+if (true) { result = "yes" } else { result = "no" }
+assert_equal("yes", result)
+
+// --- Control flow: while ---
+var counter = 0
+while (counter < 3) { ++counter }
+assert_equal(3, counter)
+
+// --- Control flow: for ---
+var sum = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { sum += i }
+assert_equal(10, sum)
+
+// --- Control flow: ranged for ---
+var items = [10, 20, 30]
+var total = 0
+for (item : items) { total += item }
+assert_equal(60, total)
+
+// --- Switch/case ---
+def classify(n) {
+  var label = ""
+  switch (n) {
+    case (1) { label = "one"; break }
+    case (2) { label = "two"; break }
+    default { label = "other" }
+  }
+  return label
+}
+assert_equal("one", classify(1))
+assert_equal("two", classify(2))
+assert_equal("other", classify(99))
+
+// --- Try/catch/finally ---
+var caught = false
+var finalized = false
+try {
+  throw("oops")
+} catch (e) {
+  caught = true
+} finally {
+  finalized = true
+}
+assert_true(caught)
+assert_true(finalized)
+
+// --- Inline containers ---
+var vec = [1, 2, 3]
+assert_equal(3, vec.size())
+
+var m = ["a": 1, "b": 2]
+assert_equal(1, m["a"])
+
+var r = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+assert_equal(5, r.size())
+
+// --- Dot access chaining ---
+assert_equal(3, [1, 2, 3].size())
+
+// --- Array access ---
+var arr = [10, 20, 30]
+assert_equal(20, arr[1])
+
+// --- Backtick identifier ---
+var `my var` = 42
+assert_equal(42, `my var`)
+
+// --- Special identifiers ---
+assert_equal(true, true)
+assert_equal(false, false)
+
+// --- Nested block ---
+var block_result = 0
+{ block_result = 42 }
+assert_equal(42, block_result)
+
+// --- Break and continue ---
+var break_sum = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+  if (i == 5) { break }
+  break_sum += i
+}
+assert_equal(10, break_sum)
+
+var cont_sum = 0
+for (var i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+  if (i == 2) { continue }
+  cont_sum += i
+}
+assert_equal(8, cont_sum)
+
+// --- Return from function ---
+def early_return(n) {
+  if (n > 0) { return "positive" }
+  return "non-positive"
+}
+assert_equal("positive", early_return(1))
+assert_equal("non-positive", early_return(-1))
+
+// --- Colon assignment ---
+var ca = 0
+ca := 99
+assert_equal(99, ca)

unittests/index_operator_override.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+// Test overriding [] operator with various index types (issue #398)
+
+class my_class
+{
+  def my_class()
+  {
+  }
+};
+
+def `[]`(my_class o, idx)
+{
+  return "Hello World!";
+}
+
+var o = my_class();
+
+// Integer index should work
+assert_equal("Hello World!", o[3]);
+
+// String index should work
+assert_equal("Hello World!", o["3"]);
+
+// String variable as index should work
+var s = "abc";
+assert_equal("Hello World!", o[s]);
+
+// Typed string parameter override
+class my_class2
+{
+  def my_class2()
+  {
+  }
+};
+
+def `[]`(my_class2 o, string key)
+{
+  return "key=" + key;
+}
+
+var o2 = my_class2();
+assert_equal("key=foo", o2["foo"]);
+
+var key = "bar";
+assert_equal("key=bar", o2[key]);

unittests/json_unicode_1.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: ASCII range (U+0041 = 'A')
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\\u0041\""), "A")

unittests/json_unicode_2.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: 2-byte UTF-8 (U+00C4 = 'Ä')
+// This is the example from issue #477
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\\u00c4\""), "\u00C4")

unittests/json_unicode_3.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: 3-byte UTF-8 (U+20AC = '€')
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\\u20AC\""), "\u20AC")

unittests/json_unicode_4.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: mixed with regular text
+assert_equal(from_json("\"Hello \\u0057orld\""), "Hello World")

unittests/json_unicode_5.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: multiple unicode escapes in one string
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\\u0048\\u0065\\u006C\\u006C\\u006F\""), "Hello")

unittests/json_unicode_6.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: uppercase hex digits
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\\u00C4\""), "\u00C4")

unittests/json_unicode_7.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape: null character (U+0000) - edge case
+assert_equal(from_json("\"before\\u0041after\""), "beforeAafter")

unittests/json_unicode_8.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Test JSON \u escape inside an object value
+var m = from_json("{\"key\": \"\\u00C4\\u00D6\\u00DC\"}")
+assert_equal(m["key"], "\u00C4\u00D6\u00DC")

unittests/map_find.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+auto m = ["k":"v"]
+
+// find existing key returns the value
+assert_equal("v", m.find("k"))
+
+// find missing key returns undef
+assert_true(m.find("missing").is_var_undef())
+
+// find does not mutate the map
+m.find("other")
+assert_equal(1, m.size())
+
+// find works with in-place map
+assert_equal("v", ["k":"v"].find("k"))

unittests/map_keys_vector_push_back.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Regression test for issue #594
+// Map keys pushed into a vector via .first should remain valid
+// after the map goes out of scope.
+
+def keys(Map map)
+{
+  var v = Vector();
+  for( i : map )
+  {
+    v.push_back(i.first);
+  }
+  return v;
+}
+
+var k = Vector();
+if ( true )
+{
+  var m = ["a":"x", "b":"y", "c":"z"];
+  k = keys(m);
+}
+
+// After the map is out of scope, the keys should still be valid strings
+assert_equal(3, k.size())
+
+// Verify each element is a non-empty string
+for (elem : k)
+{
+  assert_true(elem.size() > 0)
+}

unittests/modulo_by_zero_protection.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// modulo by zero should throw, not crash
+try {
+  3 % 0
+  assert_true(false)
+} catch (e) {
+  assert_equal("Arithmetic error: divide by zero", e.what())
+}
+
+// assign-modulo by zero should also throw
+var x = 3;
+try {
+  x %= 0
+  assert_true(false)
+} catch (e) {
+  assert_equal("Arithmetic error: divide by zero", e.what())
+}

unittests/nested_namespaces.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Test C++-style block namespace declarations
+namespace constants::si {
+  def mu_B() { return 1.0 }
+}
+
+namespace constants::mm {
+  def mu_B() { return 2.0 }
+}
+
+assert_equal(1.0, constants::si::mu_B())
+assert_equal(2.0, constants::mm::mu_B())
+
+// Test deeper nesting with block syntax
+namespace a::b::c {
+  def val() { return 42 }
+}
+
+assert_equal(42, a::b::c::val())
+
+// Test reopening a namespace to add more members
+namespace math {
+  def square(x) { x * x }
+}
+
+namespace math::trig {
+  def double_angle(x) { 2.0 * x }
+}
+
+assert_equal(16, math::square(4))
+assert_equal(6.0, math::trig::double_angle(3.0))
+
+// Test reopening a namespace (C++ allows this)
+namespace math {
+  def cube(x) { x * x * x }
+}
+
+assert_equal(27, math::cube(3))
+
+// Test that :: scope resolution works the same as . for access
+assert_equal(16, math.square(4))
+assert_equal(6.0, math.trig.double_angle(3.0))
+
+// Test namespace with var declarations
+namespace config {
+  var pi = 3.14159
+  var name = "test"
+}
+
+assert_equal(3.14159, config::pi)
+assert_equal("test", config::name)
+
+// Test function-call style still works
+namespace("compat")
+compat.legacy = 99
+assert_equal(99, compat::legacy)

unittests/now_function.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Regression test for issue #660: now() requires <chrono> include
+var t = now()
+assert_true(t > 0)

unittests/object_from_json_1.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// object_from_json: returns Dynamic_Object with dot-access on JSON fields
+var obj = object_from_json("{\"name\":\"ChaiScript\",\"version\":6,\"active\":true}")
+assert_equal(obj.name, "ChaiScript")
+assert_equal(obj.version, 6)
+assert_equal(obj.active, true)
+assert_equal(obj.get_type_name(), "JSON_Object")

unittests/object_from_json_2.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// object_from_json: nested objects become nested Dynamic_Objects
+var obj = object_from_json("{\"outer\":{\"inner\":42}}")
+assert_equal(obj.outer.inner, 42)

unittests/object_from_json_3.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// object_from_json: arrays remain as vectors
+var obj = object_from_json("{\"items\":[1,2,3]}")
+assert_equal(obj.items, [1,2,3])

unittests/object_from_json_4.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// object_to_map and map_to_object conversions
+var m = ["a": 1, "b": "hello"]
+var obj = map_to_object(m)
+assert_equal(obj.a, 1)
+assert_equal(obj.b, "hello")
+
+var m2 = object_to_map(obj)
+assert_equal(m2["a"], 1)
+assert_equal(m2["b"], "hello")

unittests/object_from_json_5.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// object_from_json roundtrip through to_json
+var json_str = "{\"key\":\"value\"}"
+var obj = object_from_json(json_str)
+var result = to_json(obj)
+var obj2 = object_from_json(result)
+assert_equal(obj2.key, "value")

unittests/raw_string.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Basic raw string
+assert_equal("hello", R"(hello)")
+
+// Raw string with no interpolation
+assert_equal("\${5+5}", R"(${5+5})")
+
+// Raw string preserves backslashes
+assert_equal("hello\\nworld", R"(hello\nworld)")
+
+// Raw string with custom delimiter
+assert_equal("hello)world", R"foo(hello)world)foo")
+
+// Raw string with quotes inside
+assert_equal("he said \"hi\"", R"(he said "hi")")
+
+// Raw string with dollar signs
+assert_equal("cost is \$100", R"(cost is $100)")
+
+// Empty raw string
+assert_equal("", R"()")
+
+// Raw string with backslash-dollar
+assert_equal("\\\${foo}", R"(\${foo})")

unittests/reflection_documentation.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+
+// Tests for ChaiScript reflection / introspection capabilities
+// Ensures all documented reflection functions work correctly
+
+// --- Global reflection functions ---
+
+// type_name: returns the type name of a value
+assert_equal("int", type_name(1))
+assert_equal("string", type_name("hello"))
+assert_equal("bool", type_name(true))
+assert_equal("double", type_name(1.0))
+
+// is_type: checks if a value is of the given type
+assert_true(is_type(1, "int"))
+assert_true(is_type("hello", "string"))
+assert_false(is_type(1, "string"))
+
+// function_exists: checks if a named function is registered
+assert_true(function_exists("print"))
+assert_true(function_exists("type_name"))
+assert_true(function_exists("function_exists"))
+assert_false(function_exists("this_function_does_not_exist_xyz"))
+
+// get_functions: returns a Map of all registered functions
+var funcs = get_functions()
+assert_true(funcs.size() > 0)
+assert_true(funcs.count("print") > 0)
+assert_true(funcs.count("type_name") > 0)
+
+// get_objects: returns a Map of all scripting objects
+var my_test_var = 42
+var objs = get_objects()
+assert_true(objs.size() > 0)
+assert_true(objs.count("my_test_var") > 0)
+
+// type: returns a Type_Info for a named type
+var ti = type("int")
+assert_equal("int", ti.name())
+
+// call_exists: checks if a function call with given params exists
+assert_true(call_exists(`+`, 1, 2))
+assert_true(call_exists(`+`, "a", "b"))
+
+// --- Object methods ---
+
+// get_type_info: returns Type_Info for a value
+var s = "hello"
+assert_equal("string", s.get_type_info().name())
+assert_equal("int", 1.get_type_info().name())
+
+// is_type on objects
+assert_true("hello".is_type("string"))
+assert_true(1.is_type("int"))
+assert_false(1.is_type("string"))
+
+// is_type with Type_Info
+assert_true("hello".is_type(string_type))
+assert_true(1.is_type(int_type))
+
+// is_var_* methods
+var x = 5
+assert_false(x.is_var_const())
+assert_false(x.is_var_null())
+assert_false(x.is_var_undef())
+
+// --- Type_Info methods ---
+var int_ti = type("int")
+assert_equal("int", int_ti.name())
+assert_false(int_ti.is_type_const())
+assert_false(int_ti.is_type_void())
+assert_false(int_ti.is_type_undef())
+assert_false(int_ti.is_type_reference())
+assert_false(int_ti.is_type_pointer())
+
+// bare_equal: compares types ignoring const/pointer/reference
+assert_true(int_ti.bare_equal(1.get_type_info()))
+
+// --- Function introspection ---
+
+def my_reflection_test_func(a, b) { return a + b; }
+
+// get_arity
+assert_equal(2, my_reflection_test_func.get_arity())
+
+// get_param_types
+var param_types = my_reflection_test_func.get_param_types()
+assert_true(param_types.size() > 0)
+
+// get_contained_functions
+assert_equal(0, my_reflection_test_func.get_contained_functions().size())
+
+// has_guard
+assert_false(my_reflection_test_func.has_guard())
+
+// Guarded function
+def my_guarded_func(x) : x > 0 { return x; }
+assert_true(my_guarded_func.has_guard())
+var g = my_guarded_func.get_guard()
+assert_equal(1, g.get_arity())
+
+// call: invoke a function with a vector of parameters
+assert_equal(3, `+`.call([1, 2]))
+
+// --- Dynamic_Object reflection ---
+var obj = Dynamic_Object()
+obj.name = "test"
+obj.value = 42
+var attrs = obj.get_attrs()
+assert_true(attrs.count("name") > 0)
+assert_true(attrs.count("value") > 0)
+
+// --- Class reflection ---
+class ReflectionTestClass {
+  var x
+  def ReflectionTestClass() { this.x = 10; }
+  def get_x() { return this.x; }
+}
+
+var rtc = ReflectionTestClass()
+assert_equal("ReflectionTestClass", rtc.get_type_name())
+assert_true(rtc.is_type("ReflectionTestClass"))
+assert_equal("Dynamic_Object", type_name(rtc))
+assert_equal("ReflectionTestClass", rtc.get_type_name())

unittests/return_assignment.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Test that assignment expressions work inside return statements
+// Issue #473: `return foo = 5` should work
+
+def return_assign() {
+  var x = 0
+  return x = 5
+}
+
+assert_equal(5, return_assign())
+
+def return_member_assign() {
+  var o = Dynamic_Object()
+  return o.value = 42
+}
+
+assert_equal(42, return_member_assign())

unittests/strong_typedef.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Strong typedef: using Type = int creates a distinct type
+using Meters = int
+
+def measure(Meters m) {
+  return m
+}
+
+// Constructing a strong typedef value should work
+var m = Meters(42)
+
+// Calling with the typedef'd value should succeed
+measure(m)
+
+// Calling with a plain int should fail (strong typedef)
+try {
+  measure(42)
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: type mismatch because int is not Meters
+}
+
+// Multiple strong typedefs from the same base type should be distinct
+using Seconds = int
+
+def wait(Seconds s) {
+  return s
+}
+
+var s = Seconds(10)
+wait(s)
+
+// Meters and Seconds should not be interchangeable
+try {
+  wait(m)
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: Meters is not Seconds
+}
+
+try {
+  measure(s)
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: Seconds is not Meters
+}
+
+// to_underlying should return the base value
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m), 42)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(s), 10)
+
+// to_underlying result should be a plain value, not a strong typedef
+def takes_int(int i) {
+  return i
+}
+assert_equal(takes_int(to_underlying(m)), 42)
+
+// --- Arithmetic operators: strongly typed ---
+var m2 = Meters(8)
+var m_sum = m + m2
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m_sum), 50)
+measure(m_sum)
+
+var m_diff = m - m2
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m_diff), 34)
+
+var m_prod = Meters(3) * Meters(4)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m_prod), 12)
+
+var m_quot = Meters(20) / Meters(5)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m_quot), 4)
+
+var m_rem = Meters(17) % Meters(5)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m_rem), 2)
+
+// Arithmetic result is strongly typed, not plain int
+try {
+  takes_int(m_sum)
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: m_sum is Meters, not int
+}
+
+// --- Comparison operators ---
+assert_equal(Meters(5) == Meters(5), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(5) != Meters(3), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(3) < Meters(5), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(5) > Meters(3), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(5) <= Meters(5), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(3) >= Meters(3), true)
+assert_equal(Meters(3) >= Meters(5), false)
+
+// --- Bitwise and shift operators ---
+assert_equal(to_underlying(Meters(6) & Meters(3)), 2)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(Meters(6) | Meters(3)), 7)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(Meters(6) ^ Meters(3)), 5)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(Meters(5) << Meters(2)), 20)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(Meters(12) >> Meters(1)), 6)
+
+// Bitwise results are strongly typed
+try {
+  takes_int(Meters(6) & Meters(3))
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: result is Meters, not int
+}
+
+// --- Strong typedef over string ---
+using StrongString = string
+
+var ss1 = StrongString("hello")
+var ss2 = StrongString(" world")
+var ss_cat = ss1 + ss2
+assert_equal(to_underlying(ss_cat), "hello world")
+
+// StrongString + StrongString -> StrongString (strongly typed)
+def takes_strong_string(StrongString ss) {
+  return ss
+}
+takes_strong_string(ss_cat)
+
+// Operators not supported by the underlying type error at call time
+try {
+  var bad = ss1 * ss2
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: underlying string has no * operator
+}
+try {
+  var bad = ss1 - ss2
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: underlying string has no - operator
+}
+try {
+  var bad = ss1 / ss2
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: underlying string has no / operator
+}
+try {
+  var bad = ss1 % ss2
+  assert_equal(true, false)
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected: underlying string has no % operator
+}
+
+// Comparison on StrongString
+assert_equal(StrongString("abc") < StrongString("def"), true)
+assert_equal(StrongString("abc") == StrongString("abc"), true)
+assert_equal(StrongString("abc") != StrongString("def"), true)
+assert_equal(StrongString("def") > StrongString("abc"), true)
+assert_equal(StrongString("abc") <= StrongString("abc"), true)
+assert_equal(StrongString("def") >= StrongString("abc"), true)
+
+// --- User-defined extensions on strong typedefs ---
+def first_char(StrongString ss) {
+  return to_string(to_underlying(ss)[0])
+}
+assert_equal(first_char(StrongString("hello")), "h")
+
+def double_meters(Meters m) {
+  return Meters(to_underlying(m) * 2)
+}
+assert_equal(to_underlying(double_meters(Meters(21))), 42)
+
+// User-defined operator extension
+def `[]`(StrongString ss, int offset) {
+  return to_string(to_underlying(ss)[offset])
+}
+assert_equal(StrongString("hello")[1], "e")
+
+// --- Compound assignment operators ---
+var m3 = Meters(10)
+m3 += Meters(5)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m3), 15)
+measure(m3)
+
+m3 -= Meters(3)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m3), 12)
+
+m3 *= Meters(2)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m3), 24)
+
+m3 /= Meters(4)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m3), 6)
+
+m3 %= Meters(4)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m3), 2)
+
+// Compound assignment result is still the strong typedef
+var m4 = Meters(10)
+m4 += Meters(5)
+assert_equal(to_underlying(m4), 15)
+measure(m4)
+
+// Compound assignment on StrongString
+var ss3 = StrongString("hello")
+ss3 += StrongString(" world")
+assert_equal(to_underlying(ss3), "hello world")
+takes_strong_string(ss3)

unittests/switch_type_conversion.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Test for issue #421: switch statement with custom == operator on
+// dynamic objects must properly manage object lifetimes during
+// case comparisons.
+
+class MyType {
+  var value
+  def MyType(v) { this.value = v }
+}
+
+def `==`(a, b) : a.is_type("MyType") && b.is_type("MyType") {
+  return a.value == b.value
+}
+
+var result = 0
+var obj = MyType(2)
+
+switch(obj) {
+  case (MyType(1)) {
+    result = 1
+    break
+  }
+  case (MyType(2)) {
+    result = 2
+    break
+  }
+  case (MyType(3)) {
+    result = 3
+    break
+  }
+}
+
+assert_equal(result, 2)
+
+// Also test fall-through with custom == operator
+var total = 0
+var obj2 = MyType(2)
+
+switch(obj2) {
+  case (MyType(1)) {
+    total += 1
+  }
+  case (MyType(2)) {
+    total += 2
+  }
+  case (MyType(3)) {
+    total += 4
+  }
+}
+
+assert_equal(total, 6)

unittests/threading_config_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+
+int main() {
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
+  // When threading is enabled, verify that async() is registered and functional
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  const auto result = chai.eval<int>(R"(
+    var f = async(fun() { return 42; });
+    f.get();
+  )");
+  if (result != 42) {
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
+#else
+  // When threading is disabled, verify that async() is NOT registered
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  try {
+    chai.eval("async(fun() { return 0; })");
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  } catch (const std::exception &) {
+    // Expected: async should not exist
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}