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<span class="m-breadcrumb"><a href="tutorial.html">Tutorial</a> »</span>
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Connecting continuables
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</h1>
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<p>Explains how to connect various <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects together.</p>
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<h3>Contents</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-strategies">Connections and strategies</a></li>
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<li>
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<a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated">Using aggregated strategies</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-all">Using the all connection</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-seq">Using the sequential connection</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-any">Using the any connection</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-mixed">Mixing different strategies</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested">Nested continuables and plain types</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-populate">Populating a container from arbitrary continuables</a></li>
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<section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-strategies"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-strategies">Connections and strategies</a></h2><p>Connections make it possible to describe the dependencies between an arbitrary count of <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects in order resolve a returned <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> as soon as the dependencies are fulfilled.</p><p>For each connection strategy <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> provides an operator for for instance <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html#a43ad4bfb19234a7856972d97337498db" class="m-dox">continuable_base::<wbr />operator &&</a> and a free function, <a href="group___connections.html#gaef652b8561f76cad49e83cfa21a71734" class="m-dox">when_<wbr />all</a> for example. Both work similar however the free functions are capable of working with nested sequences as described in <a href="tutorial-connecting-continuables.html#tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested" class="m-dox">Nested continuables and plain types</a>.</p><aside class="m-note m-info"><h4>Note</h4><p>Connections between <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects are ensured to be <strong>thread-safe</strong> and <strong>wait-free</strong> by library design (when assuming that <code>std::call_once</code> is wait-free - which depends on the toolchain).</p></aside></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated">Using aggregated strategies</a></h2><p>Aggregated strategies will call the result handler with the compound result of all connected <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects.</p><p>The compound result is deduced as following. Every <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> maps its result to the result itself as shown below. When multiple <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects are connected on the same depth, the result is joined. See <a href="tutorial-connecting-continuables.html#tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested" class="m-dox">Nested continuables and plain types</a> for details.</p><table class="m-table"><thead><tr><th>Continuation type</th><th>In tuple like</th><th>In container (<code>std::vector</code>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code><a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> with <></code></td><td><code><none></code></td><td><code><none></code></td></tr><tr><td><code><a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> with <Arg></code></td><td><code>Arg</code></td><td><code>Arg</code></td></tr><tr><td><code><a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> with <Args...></code></td><td><code>Args...</code></td><td><code>std::tuple<Args...></code></td></tr></tbody></table><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-all"><h3><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-all">Using the all connection</a></h3><p>The <em>all</em> strategy invokes all connected continuable at once, it tries to resolve the connected <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects as fast as possible. It is possible to connect multiple <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects together through the <em>all</em> strategy by using <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html#a43ad4bfb19234a7856972d97337498db" class="m-dox">continuable_base::<wbr />operator &&</a> or <a href="group___connections.html#gaef652b8561f76cad49e83cfa21a71734" class="m-dox">when_<wbr />all</a>. In contrast to the operator the free functions are capable of workin with plain types and deeply nested <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects as described in <a href="tutorial-connecting-continuables.html#tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested" class="m-dox">Nested continuables and plain types</a> .</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&&</span>
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<span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"atom.io"</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">github</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">travis</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// The callback is called with the</span>
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<span class="c1">// response of github, travis and atom.</span>
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<span class="p">});</span></pre></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-seq"><h3><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-aggregated-seq">Using the sequential connection</a></h3><p>The <em>sequential</em> strategy invokes all connected continuable one after each other, it tries to resolve the next connected <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects as soon as the previous one was resolved. It is possible to connect multiple <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects together through the <em>sequential</em> strategy by using <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html#abaaaf8a35827456fead299851268760e" class="m-dox">continuable_base::<wbr />operator>></a> or <a href="group___connections.html#ga481c31024079b6074617c64b16e615dd" class="m-dox">when_<wbr />seq</a>.</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">>></span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">>></span>
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<span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"atom.io"</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">github</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">travis</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// The requests are invoked sequentially instead</span>
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<span class="c1">// of requesting all at once.</span>
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<span class="p">});</span></pre></section></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-any"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-any">Using the any connection</a></h2><p>The any connection strategy is completely different from the two introduces before: It calls the result handler with the first result or exception available. All <a href="classcti_1_1continuable__base.html" class="m-dox">continuable_<wbr />base</a> objects are required to have the same types of arguments.</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span>
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<span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"atom.io"</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">github_or_travis_or_atom</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// The callback is called with the first response</span>
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<span class="c1">// of either github, travis or atom.</span>
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<span class="p">});</span></pre></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-mixed"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-mixed">Mixing different strategies</a></h2><p>Mixing different strategies through operators and free functions is natively supported as shown below:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&&</span>
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<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"atom.io"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
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<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">github</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">travis_or_atom</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// The callback is called with the response of</span>
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<span class="c1">// github for sure and the second parameter represents</span>
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<span class="c1">// the response of travis or atom.</span>
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<span class="p">});</span></pre></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-nested">Nested continuables and plain types</a></h2><p>For every operator that was shown above, there exists a free function that provides at least the same functionality:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">));</span>
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<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">));</span>
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<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_seq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"travis-ci.org"</span><span class="p">));</span></pre><p>Additionally the free functions are capable of working with continuables deeply nested inside tuple like objects (<code>std::tuple</code>, <code>std::pair</code> and <code>std::array</code>) as well as homogeneous containers (<code>std::vector</code>, <code>std::list</code> etc.).</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">continuable</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">>>></span> <span class="n">outstanding</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="c1">// ...</span>
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<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outstanding</span><span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="n">http_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"github.com"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
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<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">>></span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
<span class="p">});</span></pre><p>Values which are given to such a free function are preserved and later passed to the result handler:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_seq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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|
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
<span class="p">});</span></pre><p>When combining both capabilities it's even possible do something like this:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_all</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
|
<span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//< See this plain value</span>
|
|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">populate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c1">// Creates a runtime</span>
|
|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c1">// sized container.</span>
|
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<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))))</span>
|
|
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">r34</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">>></span> <span class="n">r5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
<span class="p">});</span></pre></section><section id="tutorial-connecting-continuables-populate"><h2><a href="#tutorial-connecting-continuables-populate">Populating a container from arbitrary continuables</a></h2><p><a href="group___connections.html#ga4f6ecedf4b4ccd5e1c28d937ad717b32" class="m-dox">populate</a> mainly helps to create a homogeneous container from a runtime known count of continuables which type isn't exactly known. All continuables which are passed to this function should be originating from the same source or a method called with the same types of arguments:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="c1">// cti::populate just creates a std::vector from the two continuables.</span>
|
|
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">populate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// It is possible to add more continuables</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// to the container afterwards</span>
|
|
<span class="n">container</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_ready_continuable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
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|
<span class="n">cti</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">when_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">([](</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">resolved</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
<span class="p">});</span></pre></section>
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<b><a href="https://github.com/Naios/continuable">continuable</a></b> - C++14 allocation aware futures</br>Copyright 2015–2018 <a href="https://github.com/Naios">Denis Blank</a>. Contact the author via <a href="mailto:denis.blank@outlook.com">e-mail</a>.</br>Powered by <a href="http://doxygen.org/">Doxygen</a> and <a href="http://mcss.mosra.cz/">m.css</a>
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