continuable/doc/tutorial-chaining-continuables.dox

/*
  Copyright(c) 2015 - 2018 Denis Blank <denis.blank at outlook dot com>

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namespace cti {
/** \page tutorial-chaining-continuables Chaining continuables
\brief Explains how to chain multiple \ref continuable_base objects together.

\tableofcontents

\section tutorial-chaining-continuables-then Using then and results

A \ref continuable_base provides various methods to continue the asynchronous
call hierarchy. The most important method therefor is
\ref continuable_base::then which changes the object through attaching a
result handler:

\code{.cpp}
http_request("github.com")
  .then([] (std::string result) {
    // Do something...
  });
\endcode

A new \ref continuable_base is created which result depends on the return type
of the handler. For instance it is possible to return plain values or the next
\ref continuable_base to continue the call hierarchy.
See \ref continuable_base::then for details.

\code{.cpp}
mysql_query("SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `users`")
  .then([](ResultSet users) {
    // Return the next continuable to process ...
    return mysql_query("SELECT `id` name FROM `sessions`");
  })
  .then([](ResultSet sessions) {
    // ... or pass multiple values to the next callback using tuples or pairs ...
    return std::make_tuple(std::move(sessions), true);
  })
  .then([](ResultSet sessions, bool is_ok) {
    // ... or pass a single value to the next callback ...
    return 10;
  })
  .then([](auto value) {
    //     ^^^^ Templated callbacks are possible too
  })
  // ... you may even pass continuables to the `then` method directly:
  .then(mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `statistics`"))
  .then([](ResultSet result) {
    // ...
  });
\endcode

\section tutorial-chaining-continuables-fail Using fail and exceptions

Asynchronous exceptions are supported too. Exceptions that were set through
\ref promise_base::set_exception are forwarded to the first available registered
handler that was attached through \ref continuable_base::fail :

\code{.cpp}
http_request("github.com")
  .then([] (std::string result) {
    // Is never called if an error occurs
  })
  .fail([] (std::exception_ptr ptr) {
    try {
      std::rethrow_exception(ptr);
    } catch(std::exception const& e) {
      // Handle the exception or error code here
    }
  });
\endcode

Multiple handlers are allowed to be registered, however the asynchronous call
hierarchy is aborted after the first called fail handler and only the closest
handler below is called.

\note Retrieving a `std::exception_ptr` from a current exception
      may be done as shown below:
  \code{.cpp}
  auto do_sth() {
    return cti::make_continuable<void>([=] (auto&& promise) {
      try {
        // Usually the exception is thrown by another expression
        throw std::exception{};
      } catch(...) {
        promise.set_exception(std::current_exception());
      }
    });
  }
  \endcode

Continuable also supports error codes automatically if exceptions are disabled.
Additionally it is possible to specify a custom error type through defining.

\code{.cpp}
http_request("github.com")
  .then([] (std::string result) {
    // Is never called if an error occurs
  })
  .fail([] (std::error_condition error) {
    error.value();
    error.category();
  });
\endcode

The \ref error_type will be `std::exception_ptr` except if any of the
following definitions is defined:
- `CONTINUABLE_WITH_NO_EXCEPTIONS`: Define this to use `std::error_condition`
  as \ref error_type and to disable exception support.
  When exceptions are disabled this definition is set automatically.
- `CONTINUABLE_WITH_CUSTOM_ERROR_TYPE`:  Define this to use a user defined
  error type.

\attention By default unhandled exceptions or errors will trigger
           a built-in trap that causes abnormal application shutdown.
           In order to prevent this and to allow unhandled errors
           define `CONTINUABLE_WITH_UNHANDLED_EXCEPTIONS`.

\section tutorial-chaining-continuables-next Using next to handle all paths

Sometimes it's required to provide a continuation and error handler from the
same object. In order to avoid overloading conflicts there is the special
method \ref continuable_base::next provided.
The exception path overload is marked through the \ref dispatch_error_tag :

\code{.cpp}
struct handle_all_paths {
  void operator() (std::string result) {
    // ...
  }
  void operator() (cti::dispatch_error_tag, cti::error_type) {
    // ...
  }
};

// ...

http_request("github.com")
  .next(handle_all_paths{});
\endcode

*/
}