diff --git a/include/libimp/def.h b/include/libimp/def.h
index 0b5ffb0..a0ff342 100644
--- a/include/libimp/def.h
+++ b/include/libimp/def.h
@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#if !defined(LIBIMP_NAMESPACE)
-# define LIBIMP_NAMESPACE imp
-#endif
-#define LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_BEG_ namespace LIBIMP_NAMESPACE {
+#define LIBIMP_               imp
+#define LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_     LIBIMP_
+#define LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_BEG_ namespace LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_ {
 #define LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_END_ }
 
 LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_BEG_
diff --git a/include/libimp/result.h b/include/libimp/result.h
index 43463b4..121e4b3 100644
--- a/include/libimp/result.h
+++ b/include/libimp/result.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "fmt/format.h"
 
 #include "libimp/def.h"
+#include "libimp/detect_plat.h"
 #include "libimp/export.h"
 
 LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_BEG_
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ class LIBIMP_EXPORT result_code {
 
 public:
   result_code() noexcept;
-  result_code(bool ok, std::uint64_t value = 0) noexcept;
+  result_code(bool ok, std::uint64_t value = {}) noexcept;
 
   std::uint64_t value() const noexcept;
   bool ok() const noexcept;
@@ -42,6 +43,11 @@ public:
   friend bool operator!=(result_code const &lhs, result_code const &rhs) noexcept;
 };
 
+template <typename T, 
+          typename DefTraits = detail_result::default_traits<T>, 
+          typename = void>
+class result;
+
 namespace detail_result {
 
 template <typename T, typename = void>
@@ -57,8 +63,9 @@ struct default_traits<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value>> {
   static T cast_from_code(std::uint64_t code) noexcept {
     return static_cast<T>(code);
   }
-  static T regularize(T value) noexcept {
-    return value;
+  template <typename Out>
+  static auto format(result<T> const &r, Out &&out) noexcept {
+    return format_to(out, "{}", *r);
   }
 };
 
@@ -72,16 +79,19 @@ struct default_traits<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<T>::value>> {
   static T cast_from_code(std::uint64_t code) noexcept {
     return reinterpret_cast<T>(code);
   }
-  static void *regularize(T value) noexcept {
-    return value;
+  template <typename Out>
+  static auto format(result<T> const &r, Out &&out) noexcept {
+    if LIBIMP_LIKELY(r) {
+      return format_to(out, "{}", static_cast<void *>(*r));
+    }
+    return format_to(out, "{}, code = {}", static_cast<void *>(*r), r.code());
   }
 };
 
 } // namespace detail_result
 
-template <typename T, 
-          typename DefTraits = detail_result::default_traits<T>>
-class result {
+template <typename T, typename DefTraits>
+class result<T, DefTraits, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value>> {
 
   result_code code_;
 
@@ -89,7 +99,7 @@ public:
   using default_traits_t = DefTraits;
 
   result() noexcept = default;
-  result(bool ok, T value = default_traits_t::value())
+  result(bool ok, T value = default_traits_t::value()) noexcept
     : code_(ok, default_traits_t::cast_to_code(value)) {}
 
   T value() const noexcept { return default_traits_t::cast_from_code(code_.value()); }
@@ -104,31 +114,58 @@ public:
 
   friend bool operator==(result const &lhs, result const &rhs) noexcept { return lhs.code_ == rhs.code_; }
   friend bool operator!=(result const &lhs, result const &rhs) noexcept { return lhs.code_ != rhs.code_; }
+};
 
-  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, result const &r) noexcept { return o << r.code_; }
+template <typename T, typename DefTraits>
+class result<T, DefTraits, std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<T>::value>> {
+
+  result_code code_;
+
+public:
+  using default_traits_t = DefTraits;
+
+  result(T value = default_traits_t::value()) noexcept
+    : code_(default_traits_t::value() != value, 
+            default_traits_t::cast_to_code(value)) {}
+
+  result(std::nullptr_t, std::uint64_t code) noexcept
+    : code_(false, code) {}
+
+  T value() const noexcept { return code_.ok() ? default_traits_t::cast_from_code(code_.value()) : nullptr; }
+  bool ok() const noexcept { return code_.ok(); }
+  std::uint64_t code() const noexcept { return code_.value(); }
+
+  T operator*() const noexcept {
+    return value();
+  }
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return ok();
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(result const &lhs, result const &rhs) noexcept { return lhs.code_ == rhs.code_; }
+  friend bool operator!=(result const &lhs, result const &rhs) noexcept { return lhs.code_ != rhs.code_; }
 };
 
 LIBIMP_NAMESPACE_END_
 
-template <typename T>
-struct fmt::formatter<::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result<T>> {
+template <typename T, typename D>
+struct fmt::formatter<::LIBIMP_::result<T, D>> {
   constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) {
     return ctx.end();
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result<T> r, FormatContext &ctx) {
-    return format_to(ctx.out(), "[{}, value = {}]", 
-                    (r ? "succ" : "fail"), 
-                    ::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result<T>::default_traits_t::regularize(*r));
+  auto format(::LIBIMP_::result<T, D> r, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    return format_to(::LIBIMP_::result<T, D>::default_traits_t::format(r, 
+           format_to(ctx.out(), "[{}, value = ", r ? "succ" : "fail")), "]");
   }
 };
 
 template <>
-struct fmt::formatter<::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result_code>
-          : formatter<::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result<std::uint64_t>> {
+struct fmt::formatter<::LIBIMP_::result_code>
+          : formatter<::LIBIMP_::result<std::uint64_t>> {
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(::LIBIMP_NAMESPACE::result_code r, FormatContext &ctx) {
+  auto format(::LIBIMP_::result_code r, FormatContext &ctx) {
     return format_to(ctx.out(), "[{}, value = {}]", (r ? "succ" : "fail"), *r);
   }
 };
diff --git a/include/libipc/def.h b/include/libipc/def.h
index aa0c0c8..2ce94db 100755
--- a/include/libipc/def.h
+++ b/include/libipc/def.h
@@ -9,14 +9,21 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#if !defined(LIBIPC_NAMESPACE)
-# define LIBIPC_NAMESPACE ipc
-#endif
-#define LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_BEG_ namespace LIBIPC_NAMESPACE {
+#define LIBIPC_               ipc
+#define LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_     LIBIPC_
+#define LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_BEG_ namespace LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_ {
 #define LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_END_ }
 
 LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_BEG_
 
 // constants
 
+struct prot {
+  enum : std::uint32_t {
+    none  = 0x00,
+    read  = 0x01,
+    write = 0x02,
+  };
+};
+
 LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_END_
diff --git a/include/libipc/mmap.h b/include/libipc/mmap.h
index d2bc07f..3b266a5 100644
--- a/include/libipc/mmap.h
+++ b/include/libipc/mmap.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "libimp/export.h"
 #include "libimp/result.h"
+
 #include "libipc/def.h"
 
 LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_BEG_
@@ -18,6 +19,6 @@ using mmap_t = mmap_handle *;
 /**
  * @brief Creates a new mapping in the virtual address space of the calling process.
  */
-LIBIMP_EXPORT mmap_t mmap_open();
+LIBIMP_EXPORT ::LIBIMP_::result<mmap_t> mmap_open();
 
 LIBIPC_NAMESPACE_END_
diff --git a/test/test_result.cpp b/test/test_result.cpp
index a20aaa6..87f9cd4 100644
--- a/test/test_result.cpp
+++ b/test/test_result.cpp
@@ -68,10 +68,14 @@ TEST(result, fmt) {
   {
     imp::result<int> r1 {false, -123};
     EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r1), fmt::format("[fail, value = {}]", -123));
-    imp::result<void *> r2 {true, &r1};
+    imp::result<void *> r2 {&r1};
     EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r2), fmt::format("[succ, value = {}]", (void *)&r1));
     int aaa {};
-    imp::result<int *> r3 {false, &aaa};
-    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r3), fmt::format("[fail, value = {}]", (void *)&aaa));
+    imp::result<int *> r3 {&aaa};
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r3), fmt::format("[succ, value = {}]", (void *)&aaa));
+    imp::result<int *> r4 {nullptr};
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r4), fmt::format("[fail, value = {}, code = 0]", nullptr));
+    r4 = {nullptr, 1234};
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r4), fmt::format("[fail, value = {}, code = 1234]", nullptr));
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file