std.h: Allow formatting std::unexpected type. (#4675)

In some cases, people might want to format the std::unexpected type itself,
independent of the value type, this commit makes it possible.

Co-authored-by: Robin Oger <robin.oger.work@gmail.com>

include/fmt/std.h

@@ -454,6 +454,26 @@ struct formatter<std::expected<T, E>, Char,
     return out;
   }
 };
+
+template <typename E, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::unexpected<E>, Char,
+                 std::enable_if_t<is_formattable<E, Char>::value>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::unexpected<E>& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, "unexpected(");
+    out = detail::write_escaped_alternative<Char>(out, value.error(), ctx);
+
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
 #endif  // __cpp_lib_expected
 
 #ifdef __cpp_lib_source_location

test/std-test.cc

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "fmt/os.h"       // fmt::system_category
+#include "fmt/os.h"  // fmt::system_category
 #include "fmt/ranges.h"
 #include "gtest-extra.h"  // StartsWith
 
@@ -176,6 +176,14 @@ TEST(std_test, expected) {
       (fmt::is_formattable<std::expected<int, unformattable2>>::value));
   EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::is_formattable<std::expected<int, int>>::value));
   EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::is_formattable<std::expected<void, int>>::value));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::unexpected{1}), "unexpected(1)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::unexpected<std::string>{"test"}),
+            "unexpected(\"test\")");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::unexpected<char>{'a'}), "unexpected('a')");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::unexpected<unformattable2>>::value));
 #endif
 }