Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/Pharago/fast_float into other_chars

2025-12-06 08:46:49 +08:00 · 2023-04-26 16:40:09 -04:00 · 2023-04-26 16:40:09 -04:00 · 927eb9bcd2
commit 927eb9bcd2
parent 6a3fabc342 ece3b3886b
71 changed files with 2893 additions and 1408 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/alpine.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/alpine.yml
@ -1,27 +1,47 @@
 name: Alpine Linux
-'on':
+on:
  - push
  - pull_request
+
 jobs:
-  ubuntu-build:
+  build:
+    name: Build on Alpine ${{ matrix.arch }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch:
+          - x86_64
+          - x86
+          - aarch64
+          - armv7
+          - ppc64le
+          - riscv64
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: start docker
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v1
+
+      - name: Install latest Alpine Linux for ${{ matrix.arch }}
+        uses: jirutka/setup-alpine@v1
+        with:
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+          branch: ${{ matrix.arch == 'riscv64' && 'edge' || 'latest-stable' }}
+          packages: >
+            build-base
+            cmake
+            g++
+            linux-headers
+            git
+            bash
+            build-base
+      - name: Prepare
        run: |
-          docker run -w /src -dit --name alpine -v $PWD:/src alpine:latest
-          echo 'docker exec alpine "$@";' > ./alpine.sh
-          chmod +x ./alpine.sh
-      - name: install packages
+          cmake -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON -B build
+        shell: alpine.sh {0}
+      - name: Build
        run: |
-          ./alpine.sh apk update
-          ./alpine.sh apk add build-base cmake g++ linux-headers git bash
-      - name: cmake
+          cmake --build build
+        shell: alpine.sh {0}
+      - name: Test
        run: |
-          ./alpine.sh cmake -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  -B build_for_alpine
-      - name: build
-        run: |
-          ./alpine.sh cmake --build build_for_alpine
-      - name: test
-        run: |
-          ./alpine.sh bash -c "cd build_for_alpine && ctest  -R basictest"
+          ctest --test-dir build -R basictest
+        shell: alpine.sh {0}
--- a/.github/workflows/amalgamate-ubuntu20.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/amalgamate-ubuntu20.yml
@ -1,20 +1,12 @@
-name: Amalgamate Ubuntu 20.04 CI (GCC 9, 8)
+name: Amalgamate Ubuntu 20.04 CI (GCC 9)

 on: [push, pull_request]

 jobs:
  ubuntu-build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Legacy/x86 compilers cause CI failures.
-          #- {cxx: -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++-8, arch:                         }
-          - {cxx:                           , arch:                         } # default=gcc9
-          #- {cxx:                           , arch: -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-m32"} # default=gcc9
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Compile with amalgamation
        run: |
          mkdir build &&
--- a/.github/workflows/msys2-clang.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/msys2-clang.yml
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
        with:
          update: true
--- a/.github/workflows/msys2.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/msys2.yml
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
        with:
          update: true
--- a/.github/workflows/s390x.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/s390x.yml
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Ubuntu s390x (GCC 11)
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: uraimo/run-on-arch-action@v2
+        name: Test
+        id: runcmd
+        with:
+          arch: s390x
+          githubToken: ${{ github.token }}
+          distro: ubuntu_latest
+          install: |
+            apt-get update -q -y
+            apt-get install -y cmake make g++
+          run: |
+            cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -B build
+            cmake --build build -j=2
+            ctest --output-on-failure --test-dir build
+
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu18.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu18.yml
@ -1,21 +1,12 @@
-name: Ubuntu 18.04 CI (GCC 7, 6, 5)
+name: Ubuntu 18.04 CI (GCC 7)

 on: [push, pull_request]

 jobs:
  ubuntu-build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-18.04
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Legacy/x86 compilers cause CI failures.
-          #- {cxx: -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++-5, arch:                         }
-          #- {cxx: -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++-6, arch:                         }
-          - {cxx:                           , arch:                         } # default=gcc7
-          #- {cxx:                           , arch: -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-m32"} # default=gcc7
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Setup cmake
        uses: jwlawson/actions-setup-cmake@v1.4
        with:
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu20-cxx20.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu20-cxx20.yml
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Use cmake
        run: |
          mkdir build &&
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu20-fastmath.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu20-fastmath.yml
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: Ubuntu 20.04 CI (GCC 9, fast-math)
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ubuntu-build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Use cmake
+        run: |
+          mkdir build &&
+          cd build &&
+          cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-ffast-math" -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu20.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu20.yml
@ -5,16 +5,8 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
 jobs:
  ubuntu-build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Legacy/x86 compilers cause CI failures.
-          #- {cxx: -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++-8, arch:                         }
-          - {cxx:                           , arch:                         } # default=gcc9
-          #- {cxx:                           , arch: -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-m32"} # default=gcc9
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Use cmake
        run: |
          mkdir build &&
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu22-clang.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu22-clang.yml
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Ubuntu 22.04 CI (clang 14)
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ubuntu-build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install clang++-14
+        run: sudo apt-get install -y clang++-14
+      - name: Use cmake
+        run: |
+          mkdir build &&
+          cd build &&
+          CXX=clang++-14 cmake -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
+      - name: Use cmake CXX20
+        run: |
+          mkdir build20 &&
+          cd build20 &&
+          CXX=clang++-14 cmake -DFASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20 -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu22-gcc12.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu22-gcc12.yml
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+name: Ubuntu 22.04 CI (GCC 12)
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ubuntu-build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Use cmake
+        run: |
+          mkdir build &&
+          cd build &&
+          CXX=g++-12 CXXFLAGS=-Werror cmake -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
+      - name: Use cmake CXX20
+        run: |
+          mkdir build20 &&
+          cd build20 &&
+          CXX=g++-12 CXXFLAGS=-Werror cmake -DFASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20 -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu22.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu22.yml
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: Ubuntu 22.04 CI (GCC 11)
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ubuntu-build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Use cmake
+        run: |
+          mkdir build &&
+          cd build &&
+          cmake -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON  ..  &&
+          cmake --build .   &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/vs15-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs15-ci.yml
@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-name: VS15-CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  ci:
-    if: >-
-      ! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip ci]') &&
-      ! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip github]')
-    name: windows-vs15
-    runs-on: windows-2016
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 15 2017, arch: Win32}
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 15 2017, arch: x64}
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Configure
-      run: |
-          mkdir build
-          cd build && cmake  -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON ..
-    - name: Build
-      run: cmake --build build --verbose --config Release --parallel
-    - name: 'Run CTest'
-      run: |
-          cd build
-          ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -R basictest
--- a/.github/workflows/vs16-arm-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs16-arm-ci.yml
@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: VS16-ARM-CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  ci:
-    name: windows-vs16
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {arch: ARM}
-          - {arch: ARM64}
-    steps:
-      - name: checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Use cmake
-        run: |
-          cmake -A ${{ matrix.arch }} -DCMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING=1 -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON -B build  &&
-          cmake --build build --verbose
--- a/.github/workflows/vs16-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs16-ci.yml
@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-name: VS16-CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  ci:
-    name: windows-vs16
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: Win32}
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: x64}
-    steps:
-      - name: checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Use cmake
-        run: |
-          mkdir build &&
-          cd build &&
-          cmake  ${{matrix.cxx}} ${{matrix.arch}} -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=destination ..  &&
-          cmake --build .  --verbose &&
-          ctest --output-on-failure  &&
-          cmake --install . &&
-          cd ../tests/installation_tests/find  &&
-          mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=../../../build/destination .. &&  cmake --build .   --verbose
-          cd ../../issue72_installation  &&
-          mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=../../../build/destination .. &&  cmake --build .    --verbose
--- a/.github/workflows/vs16-clang-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs16-clang-ci.yml
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-name: VS16-CLANG-CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  ci:
-    name: windows-vs16
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: Win32}
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: x64}
-    steps:
-      - name: checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Configure
-        run: |
-          mkdir build
-          cd build && cmake -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -T ClangCL -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON ..
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --config Release --parallel
-      - name: Run basic tests
-        run: |
-          cd build
-          ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -R basictest
--- a/.github/workflows/vs16-cxx20.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs16-cxx20.yml
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-name: VS16-CI C++20
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  ci:
-    name: windows-vs16
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: Win32}
-          - {gen: Visual Studio 16 2019, arch: x64}
-    steps:
-      - name: checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Use cmake
-        run: |
-          mkdir build &&
-          cd build &&
-          cmake  ${{matrix.cxx}} ${{matrix.arch}}  -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20 -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=destination ..  &&
-          cmake --build .  --verbose &&
-          ctest --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/vs17-arm-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs17-arm-ci.yml
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: VS17-ARM-CI
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ci:
+    name: vs17/${{matrix.arch}}/${{matrix.cfg}}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: ARM, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: ARM, cfg: Debug}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: ARM64, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: ARM64, cfg: Debug}
+    steps:
+      - name: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: configure
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -DCMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING=1 -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON
+      - name: build
+        run: |
+          cmake --build build --verbose --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel
+      # disabled because it requires a toolchain
+      #- name: test
+      #  run: |
+      #    cd build &&
+      #    ctest --output-on-failure -C ${{matrix.cfg}}
--- a/.github/workflows/vs17-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs17-ci.yml
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+name: VS17-CI
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ci:
+    name: vs17/${{matrix.arch}}/${{matrix.cfg}}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Debug}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Debug}
+    steps:
+      - name: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: configure
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=destination
+      - name: build
+        run: |
+          cmake --build build --verbose --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel
+      - name: test
+        run: |
+          cd build &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure -C ${{matrix.cfg}}
+      - name: install
+        run: |
+          cd build &&
+          cmake --install .
+      - name: test install (find)
+        run: |
+          cd tests/installation_tests/find  &&
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=../../../build/destination &&
+          cmake --build build --verbose --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel
+      - name: test install (issue 72)
+        run: |
+          cd tests/installation_tests/issue72_installation  &&
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=../../../build/destination &&
+          cmake --build build --verbose --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel
--- a/.github/workflows/vs17-clang-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs17-clang-ci.yml
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: VS17-CLANG-CI
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ci:
+    name: vs17/${{matrix.arch}}/${{matrix.cfg}}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Debug}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Debug}
+    steps:
+      - name: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}} -T ClangCL -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel --verbose
+      - name: Run basic tests
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          ctest -C ${{matrix.cfg}} --output-on-failure -R basictest
--- a/.github/workflows/vs17-cxx20.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/vs17-cxx20.yml
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: VS17-CI C++20
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  ci:
+    name: vs17/${{matrix.arch}}/${{matrix.cfg}}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: Win32, cfg: Debug}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Release}
+          - {gen: Visual Studio 17 2022, arch: x64, cfg: Debug}
+    steps:
+      - name: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: configure
+        run: >-
+          cmake -S . -B build -G "${{matrix.gen}}" -A ${{matrix.arch}}
+          -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20
+          -DFASTFLOAT_TEST=ON
+          -DFASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS=ON
+          -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=destination
+      - name: build
+        run: |
+          cmake --build build --verbose --config ${{matrix.cfg}} --parallel
+      - name: test
+        run: |
+          cd build &&
+          ctest --output-on-failure -C ${{matrix.cfg}}
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.9)

 project(fast_float VERSION 3.10.1 LANGUAGES CXX)
 option(FASTFLOAT_TEST "Enable tests" OFF)
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11 CACHE STRING "C++ standard to be used")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 if(FASTFLOAT_TEST)
  enable_testing()
  add_subdirectory(tests)
@ -22,14 +20,21 @@ if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
  endif()
 endif()

+option(FASTFLOAT_INSTALL "Enable install" ON)
+
+if(FASTFLOAT_INSTALL)
+  include(GNUInstallDirs)
+endif()

 add_library(fast_float INTERFACE)
+add_library(FastFloat::fast_float ALIAS fast_float)
 target_include_directories(
  fast_float
  INTERFACE
    $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
-    $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>
+    $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>
 )
+target_compile_features(fast_float INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
 if(FASTFLOAT_SANITIZE)
  target_compile_options(fast_float INTERFACE -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=undefined -fno-sanitize-recover=all)
  target_link_libraries(fast_float INTERFACE -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=undefined -fno-sanitize-recover=all)
@ -42,24 +47,30 @@ if(MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1910)
 endif()


-include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+if(FASTFLOAT_INSTALL)
+  include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)

-set(FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/module/FastFloatConfigVersion.cmake")
-set(FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/module/FastFloatConfig.cmake")
-set(FASTFLOAT_INSTALL_DIR "share/FastFloat")
+  set(FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/module/FastFloatConfigVersion.cmake")
+  set(FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/module/FastFloatConfig.cmake")
+  set(FASTFLOAT_CONFIG_INSTALL_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_DATAROOTDIR}/cmake/FastFloat")

-write_basic_package_version_file("${FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG}" VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} COMPATIBILITY SameMajorVersion)
-configure_package_config_file("cmake/config.cmake.in"
-                              "${FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG}"
-                              INSTALL_DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_INSTALL_DIR}")
+  if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS "3.14")
+    write_basic_package_version_file("${FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG}" VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} COMPATIBILITY SameMajorVersion)
+  else()
+    write_basic_package_version_file("${FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG}" VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} COMPATIBILITY SameMajorVersion ARCH_INDEPENDENT)
+  endif()
+  configure_package_config_file("cmake/config.cmake.in"
+                                "${FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG}"
+                                INSTALL_DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_CONFIG_INSTALL_DIR}")

-install(DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/fast_float" DESTINATION "include")
-install(FILES "${FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG}" "${FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG}" DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_INSTALL_DIR}")
-install(EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}-targets NAMESPACE FastFloat:: DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_INSTALL_DIR}")
+  install(DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/fast_float" DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}")
+  install(FILES "${FASTFLOAT_PROJECT_CONFIG}" "${FASTFLOAT_VERSION_CONFIG}" DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_CONFIG_INSTALL_DIR}")
+  install(EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}-targets NAMESPACE FastFloat:: DESTINATION "${FASTFLOAT_CONFIG_INSTALL_DIR}")

-install(TARGETS fast_float 
-        EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}-targets
-        RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
-        ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
-        LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
-)
+  install(TARGETS fast_float
+          EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}-targets
+          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+          ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
+          LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
+  )
+endif()
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ Marcin Wojdyr
 Neal Richardson
 Tim Paine
 Fabio Pellacini
+Lénárd Szolnoki
+Jan Pharago
--- a/13
+++ b/13
@ -175,18 +175,7 @@

   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

-   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
-
-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "{}"
-      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
-      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
-      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
-      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
-      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
-      identification within third-party archives.
-
-   Copyright 2020 The fast_float authors 
+   Copyright 2021 The fast_float authors

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2021 The fast_float authors
+
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
 person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
 documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-## fast_float number parsing library: 4x faster than strtod

-![Ubuntu 20.04 CI (GCC 9)](https://github.com/lemire/fast_float/workflows/Ubuntu%2020.04%20CI%20(GCC%209)/badge.svg)
-![Ubuntu 18.04 CI (GCC 7)](https://github.com/lemire/fast_float/workflows/Ubuntu%2018.04%20CI%20(GCC%207)/badge.svg)
-![Alpine Linux](https://github.com/lemire/fast_float/workflows/Alpine%20Linux/badge.svg)
-![MSYS2-CI](https://github.com/lemire/fast_float/workflows/MSYS2-CI/badge.svg)
-![VS16-CLANG-CI](https://github.com/lemire/fast_float/workflows/VS16-CLANG-CI/badge.svg)
-[![VS16-CI](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/vs16-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/vs16-ci.yml)
+## fast_float number parsing library: 4x faster than strtod
+[![Fuzzing Status](https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fast_float.svg)](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?sort=-opened&can=1&q=proj:fast_float)
+[![VS17-CI](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/vs17-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/vs17-ci.yml)
+[![Ubuntu 22.04 CI (GCC 11)](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/ubuntu22.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/actions/workflows/ubuntu22.yml)

 The fast_float library provides fast header-only implementations for the C++ from_chars
 functions for `float` and `double` types.  These functions convert ASCII strings representing
@ -28,8 +25,8 @@ struct from_chars_result {
 ```

 It parses the character sequence [first,last) for a number. It parses floating-point numbers expecting
-a locale-independent format equivalent to the C++17 from_chars function. 
-The resulting floating-point value is the closest floating-point values (using either float or double), 
+a locale-independent format equivalent to the C++17 from_chars function.
+The resulting floating-point value is the closest floating-point values (using either float or double),
 using the "round to even" convention for values that would otherwise fall right in-between two values.
 That is, we provide exact parsing according to the IEEE standard.

@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ Example:
 ``` C++
 #include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
 #include <iostream>
- 
+
 int main() {
    const std::string input =  "3.1416 xyz ";
    double result;
@ -60,39 +57,60 @@ int main() {


 Like the C++17 standard, the `fast_float::from_chars` functions take an optional last argument of
-the type `fast_float::chars_format`. It is a bitset value: we check whether 
+the type `fast_float::chars_format`. It is a bitset value: we check whether
 `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::fixed` and `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::scientific` are set
 to determine whether we allow the fixed point and scientific notation respectively.
 The default is  `fast_float::chars_format::general` which allows both `fixed` and `scientific`.

-The library seeks to follow the C++17 (see [20.19.3](http://eel.is/c++draft/charconv.from.chars).(7.1))  specification. 
+The library seeks to follow the C++17 (see [20.19.3](http://eel.is/c++draft/charconv.from.chars).(7.1))  specification.
 * The `from_chars` function does not skip leading white-space characters.
 * [A leading `+` sign](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/from_chars) is forbidden.
-* It is generally impossible to represent a decimal value exactly as binary floating-point number (`float` and `double` types). We seek the nearest value. We round to an even mantissa when we are in-between two binary floating-point numbers. 
+* It is generally impossible to represent a decimal value exactly as binary floating-point number (`float` and `double` types). We seek the nearest value. We round to an even mantissa when we are in-between two binary floating-point numbers.

 Furthermore, we have the following restrictions:
 * We only support `float` and `double` types at this time.
 * We only support the decimal format: we do not support hexadecimal strings.
-* For values that are either very large or very small (e.g., `1e9999`), we represent it using the infinity or negative infinity value.
+* For values that are either very large or very small (e.g., `1e9999`), we represent it using the infinity or negative infinity value and the returned `ec` is set to `std::errc::result_out_of_range`.

 We support Visual Studio, macOS, Linux, freeBSD. We support big and little endian. We support 32-bit and 64-bit systems.

+We assume that the rounding mode is set to nearest (`std::fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST`).

+## C++20: compile-time evaluation (constexpr)
+
+In C++20, you may use `fast_float::from_chars` to parse strings
+at compile-time, as in the following example:
+
+```C++
+// consteval forces compile-time evaluation of the function in C++20.
+consteval double parse(std::string_view input) {
+  double result;
+  auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) { return -1.0; }
+  return result;
+}
+
+// This function should compile to a function which
+// merely returns 3.1415.
+constexpr double constexptest() {
+  return parse("3.1415 input");
+}
+```

 ## Using commas as decimal separator


 The C++ standard stipulate that `from_chars` has to be locale-independent. In
-particular, the decimal separator has to be the period (`.`). However, 
-some users still want to use the `fast_float` library with in a locale-dependent 
+particular, the decimal separator has to be the period (`.`). However,
+some users still want to use the `fast_float` library with in a locale-dependent
 manner. Using a separate function called `from_chars_advanced`, we allow the users
-to pass a `parse_options` instance which contains a custom decimal separator (e.g., 
+to pass a `parse_options` instance which contains a custom decimal separator (e.g.,
 the comma). You may use it as follows.

 ```C++
 #include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
 #include <iostream>
- 
+
 int main() {
    const std::string input =  "3,1416 xyz ";
    double result;
@ -104,23 +122,62 @@ int main() {
 }
 ```

+You can parse delimited numbers:
+```C++
+  const std::string input =   "234532.3426362,7869234.9823,324562.645";
+  double result;
+  auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) {
+    // check error
+  }
+  // we have result == 234532.3426362.
+  if(answer.ptr[0] != ',') {
+    // unexpected delimiter
+  }
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) {
+    // check error
+  }
+  // we have result == 7869234.9823.
+  if(answer.ptr[0] != ',') {
+    // unexpected delimiter
+  }
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) {
+    // check error
+  }
+  // we have result == 324562.645.
+```

-## Reference

- Daniel Lemire, [Number Parsing at a Gigabyte per Second](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11408), Software: Pratice and Experience 51 (8), 2021.
+## Relation With Other Work
+
+The fast_float library is part of:
+
+- GCC (as of version 12): the `from_chars` function in GCC relies on fast_float.
+- [WebKit](https://github.com/WebKit/WebKit), the engine behind Safari (Apple's web browser)
+
+
+The fastfloat algorithm is part of the [LLVM standard libraries](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/87c016078ad72c46505461e4ff8bfa04819fe7ba).
+
+There is a [derived implementation part of AdaCore](https://github.com/AdaCore/VSS).
+
+
+The fast_float library provides a performance similar to that of the [fast_double_parser](https://github.com/lemire/fast_double_parser) library but using an updated algorithm reworked from the ground up, and while offering an API more in line with the expectations of C++ programmers. The fast_double_parser library is part of the [Microsoft LightGBM machine-learning framework](https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM).
+
+## References
+
+- Daniel Lemire, [Number Parsing at a Gigabyte per Second](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11408), Software: Practice and Experience 51 (8), 2021.
+- Noble Mushtak, Daniel Lemire, [Fast Number Parsing Without Fallback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06644), Software: Practice and Experience (to appear)

 ## Other programming languages

 - [There is an R binding](https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rcppfastfloat) called `rcppfastfloat`.
 - [There is a Rust port of the fast_float library](https://github.com/aldanor/fast-float-rust/) called `fast-float-rust`.
- [There is a Java port of the fast_float library](https://github.com/wrandelshofer/FastDoubleParser) called `FastDoubleParser`.
+- [There is a Java port of the fast_float library](https://github.com/wrandelshofer/FastDoubleParser) called `FastDoubleParser`. It used for important systems such as [Jackson](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core).
 - [There is a C# port of the fast_float library](https://github.com/CarlVerret/csFastFloat) called `csFastFloat`.


-## Relation With Other Work
-
-The fast_float library provides a performance similar to that of the [fast_double_parser](https://github.com/lemire/fast_double_parser) library but using an updated algorithm reworked from the ground up, and while offering an API more in line with the expectations of C++ programmers. The fast_double_parser library is part of the [Microsoft LightGBM machine-learning framework](https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM).
-
 ## Users

 The fast_float library is used by [Apache Arrow](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/8494) where it multiplied the number parsing speed by two or three times. It is also used by [Yandex ClickHouse](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse) and by [Google Jsonnet](https://github.com/google/jsonnet).
@ -133,14 +190,14 @@ It can parse random floating-point numbers at a speed of 1 GB/s on some systems.
 <img src="http://lemire.me/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/fastfloat_speed.png" width="400">

 ```
-$ ./build/benchmarks/benchmark 
+$ ./build/benchmarks/benchmark
 # parsing random integers in the range [0,1)
-volume = 2.09808 MB 
-netlib                                  :   271.18 MB/s (+/- 1.2 %)    12.93 Mfloat/s  
-doubleconversion                        :   225.35 MB/s (+/- 1.2 %)    10.74 Mfloat/s  
-strtod                                  :   190.94 MB/s (+/- 1.6 %)     9.10 Mfloat/s  
-abseil                                  :   430.45 MB/s (+/- 2.2 %)    20.52 Mfloat/s  
-fastfloat                               :  1042.38 MB/s (+/- 9.9 %)    49.68 Mfloat/s  
+volume = 2.09808 MB
+netlib                                  :   271.18 MB/s (+/- 1.2 %)    12.93 Mfloat/s
+doubleconversion                        :   225.35 MB/s (+/- 1.2 %)    10.74 Mfloat/s
+strtod                                  :   190.94 MB/s (+/- 1.6 %)     9.10 Mfloat/s
+abseil                                  :   430.45 MB/s (+/- 2.2 %)    20.52 Mfloat/s
+fastfloat                               :  1042.38 MB/s (+/- 9.9 %)    49.68 Mfloat/s
 ```

 See https://github.com/lemire/simple_fastfloat_benchmark for our benchmarking code.
@ -181,23 +238,23 @@ You should change the `GIT_TAG` line so that you recover the version you wish to

 ## Using as single header

-The script `script/amalgamate.py` may be used to generate a single header 
+The script `script/amalgamate.py` may be used to generate a single header
 version of the library if so desired.
-Just run the script from the root directory of this repository. 
+Just run the script from the root directory of this repository.
 You can customize the license type and output file if desired as described in
 the command line help.

 You may directly download automatically generated single-header files:

-https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/releases/download/v1.1.2/fast_float.h
+https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/releases/download/v3.4.0/fast_float.h

 ## Credit

-Though this work is inspired by many different people, this work benefited especially from exchanges with 
-Michael Eisel, who motivated the original research with his key insights, and with Nigel Tao who provided 
+Though this work is inspired by many different people, this work benefited especially from exchanges with
+Michael Eisel, who motivated the original research with his key insights, and with Nigel Tao who provided
 invaluable feedback. Rémy Oudompheng first implemented a fast path we use in the case of long digits.

-The library includes code adapted from Google Wuffs (written by Nigel Tao) which was originally published 
+The library includes code adapted from Google Wuffs (written by Nigel Tao) which was originally published
 under the Apache 2.0 license.

 ## License
--- a/fuzz/build.sh
+++ b/fuzz/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+$CXX $CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS \
+     -I $SRC/fast_float/include \
+     -c $SRC/fast_float/fuzz/from_chars.cc -o from_chars.o
+
+$CXX $CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS $LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE from_chars.o \
+     -o $OUT/from_chars
--- a/fuzz/from_chars.cc
+++ b/fuzz/from_chars.cc
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <system_error>
+
+fast_float::chars_format arbitrary_format(FuzzedDataProvider &fdp) {
+    using fast_float::chars_format;
+    switch (fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0,3)) {
+        case 0:
+            return chars_format::scientific;
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            return chars_format::fixed;
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            return chars_format::fixed;
+            break;
+    }
+    return chars_format::general;
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
+  FuzzedDataProvider fdp(data, size);
+  fast_float::chars_format format = arbitrary_format(fdp);
+  double result_d = 0.0;
+  std::string input_d = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(128);
+  auto answer =
+      fast_float::from_chars(input_d.data(), input_d.data() + input_d.size(), result_d, format);
+  std::string input_f = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(128);
+  double result_f = 0.0;
+  answer =
+      fast_float::from_chars(input_f.data(), input_f.data() + input_f.size(), result_f, format);
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/include/fast_float/ascii_number.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/ascii_number.h
@ -12,9 +12,12 @@ namespace fast_float {

 // Next function can be micro-optimized, but compilers are entirely
 // able to optimize it well.
-fastfloat_really_inline bool is_integer(char c)  noexcept  { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr bool is_integer(UC c) noexcept {
+  return !(c > UC('9') || c < UC('0'));
+}

-fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t byteswap(uint64_t val) {
+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr uint64_t byteswap(uint64_t val) {
  return (val & 0xFF00000000000000) >> 56
    | (val & 0x00FF000000000000) >> 40
    | (val & 0x0000FF0000000000) >> 24
@ -24,8 +27,17 @@ fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t byteswap(uint64_t val) {
    | (val & 0x000000000000FF00) << 40
    | (val & 0x00000000000000FF) << 56;
 }
-
-fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t read_u64(const char *chars) {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+uint64_t read_u64(UC const * chars) {
+  if (cpp20_and_in_constexpr() || sizeof(UC) > 1) {
+    uint64_t val{};
+    for(int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+      val |= uint64_t(char(*chars)) << (i * 8);
+      ++chars;
+    }
+    return val;
+  }
  uint64_t val;
  ::memcpy(&val, chars, sizeof(uint64_t));
 #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
@ -35,7 +47,16 @@ fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t read_u64(const char *chars) {
  return val;
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline void write_u64(uint8_t *chars, uint64_t val) {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void write_u64(uint8_t *chars, uint64_t val) {
+  if (cpp20_and_in_constexpr()) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+      *chars = uint8_t(val);
+      val >>= 8;
+      ++chars;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
 #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
  // Need to read as-if the number was in little-endian order.
  val = byteswap(val);
@ -44,7 +65,8 @@ fastfloat_really_inline void write_u64(uint8_t *chars, uint64_t val) {
 }

 // credit  @aqrit
-fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t  parse_eight_digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+uint32_t parse_eight_digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
  const uint64_t mask = 0x000000FF000000FF;
  const uint64_t mul1 = 0x000F424000000064; // 100 + (1000000ULL << 32)
  const uint64_t mul2 = 0x0000271000000001; // 1 + (10000ULL << 32)
@ -53,47 +75,55 @@ fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t  parse_eight_digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
  val = (((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask) * mul2)) >> 32;
  return uint32_t(val);
 }
-
-fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t parse_eight_digits_unrolled(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+uint32_t parse_eight_digits_unrolled(UC const * chars)  noexcept  {
  return parse_eight_digits_unrolled(read_u64(chars));
 }

 // credit @aqrit
-fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(uint64_t val)  noexcept  {
+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(uint64_t val)  noexcept  {
  return !((((val + 0x4646464646464646) | (val - 0x3030303030303030)) &
     0x8080808080808080));
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(UC const * chars)  noexcept  {
  return is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(read_u64(chars));
 }

-typedef span<const char> byte_span;
-
-struct parsed_number_string {
+template <typename UC>
+struct parsed_number_string_t {
  int64_t exponent{0};
  uint64_t mantissa{0};
-  const char *lastmatch{nullptr};
+  UC const * lastmatch{nullptr};
  bool negative{false};
  bool valid{false};
  bool too_many_digits{false};
  // contains the range of the significant digits
-  byte_span integer{};  // non-nullable
-  byte_span fraction{}; // nullable
+  span<UC> integer{};  // non-nullable
+  span<UC> fraction{}; // nullable
 };
-
+using byte_span = span<char>;
+using parsed_number_string = parsed_number_string_t<char>;
 // Assuming that you use no more than 19 digits, this will
 // parse an ASCII string.
-fastfloat_really_inline
-parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_options options) noexcept {
-  const chars_format fmt = options.format;
-  const char decimal_point = options.decimal_point;
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+parsed_number_string_t<UC> parse_number_string(UC const *p, UC const * pend, parse_options_t<UC> options) noexcept {
+  chars_format const fmt = options.format;
+  UC const decimal_point = options.decimal_point;

-  parsed_number_string answer;
+  parsed_number_string_t<UC> answer;
  answer.valid = false;
  answer.too_many_digits = false;
-  answer.negative = (*p == '-');
-  if (*p == '-') { // C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' sign here
+  answer.negative = (*p == UC('-'));
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_ALLOWS_LEADING_PLUS // disabled by default
+  if ((*p == UC('-')) || (*p == UC('+'))) {
+#else
+  if (*p == UC('-')) { // C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' sign here
+#endif
    ++p;
    if (p == pend) {
      return answer;
@ -102,28 +132,24 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
      return answer;
    }
  }
-  const char *const start_digits = p;
+  UC const * const start_digits = p;

  uint64_t i = 0; // an unsigned int avoids signed overflows (which are bad)

-  while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
-    i = i * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p); // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
-    p += 8;
-  }
  while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
    // a multiplication by 10 is cheaper than an arbitrary integer
    // multiplication
    i = 10 * i +
-        uint64_t(*p - '0'); // might overflow, we will handle the overflow later
+        uint64_t(*p - UC('0')); // might overflow, we will handle the overflow later
    ++p;
  }
-  const char *const end_of_integer_part = p;
+  UC const * const end_of_integer_part = p;
  int64_t digit_count = int64_t(end_of_integer_part - start_digits);
-  answer.integer = byte_span(start_digits, size_t(digit_count));
+  answer.integer = span<UC>(start_digits, size_t(digit_count));
  int64_t exponent = 0;
  if ((p != pend) && (*p == decimal_point)) {
    ++p;
-    const char* before = p;
+    UC const * before = p;
    // can occur at most twice without overflowing, but let it occur more, since
    // for integers with many digits, digit parsing is the primary bottleneck.
    while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
@ -131,12 +157,12 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
      p += 8;
    }
    while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
-      uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
+      uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - UC('0'));
      ++p;
      i = i * 10 + digit; // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
    }
    exponent = before - p;
-    answer.fraction = byte_span(before, size_t(p - before));
+    answer.fraction = span<UC>(before, size_t(p - before));
    digit_count -= exponent;
  }
  // we must have encountered at least one integer!
@ -144,14 +170,14 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
    return answer;
  }
  int64_t exp_number = 0;            // explicit exponential part
-  if ((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && (p != pend) && (('e' == *p) || ('E' == *p))) {
-    const char * location_of_e = p;
+  if ((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && (p != pend) && ((UC('e') == *p) || (UC('E') == *p))) {
+    UC const * location_of_e = p;
    ++p;
    bool neg_exp = false;
-    if ((p != pend) && ('-' == *p)) {
+    if ((p != pend) && (UC('-') == *p)) {
      neg_exp = true;
      ++p;
-    } else if ((p != pend) && ('+' == *p)) { // '+' on exponent is allowed by C++17 20.19.3.(7.1)
+    } else if ((p != pend) && (UC('+') == *p)) { // '+' on exponent is allowed by C++17 20.19.3.(7.1)
      ++p;
    }
    if ((p == pend) || !is_integer(*p)) {
@ -163,7 +189,7 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
      p = location_of_e;
    } else {
      while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
-        uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
+        uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - UC('0'));
        if (exp_number < 0x10000000) {
          exp_number = 10 * exp_number + digit;
        }
@ -189,9 +215,9 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
    // We have to handle the case where we have 0.0000somenumber.
    // We need to be mindful of the case where we only have zeroes...
    // E.g., 0.000000000...000.
-    const char *start = start_digits;
-    while ((start != pend) && (*start == '0' || *start == decimal_point)) {
-      if(*start == '0') { digit_count --; }
+    UC const * start = start_digits;
+    while ((start != pend) && (*start == UC('0') || *start == decimal_point)) {
+      if(*start == UC('0')) { digit_count --; }
      start++;
    }
    if (digit_count > 19) {
@ -201,19 +227,19 @@ parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_
      // pre-tokenized spans from above.
      i = 0;
      p = answer.integer.ptr;
-      const char* int_end = p + answer.integer.len();
+      UC const * int_end = p + answer.integer.len();
      const uint64_t minimal_nineteen_digit_integer{1000000000000000000};
      while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != int_end)) {
-        i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
+        i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - UC('0'));
        ++p;
      }
      if (i >= minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) { // We have a big integers
        exponent = end_of_integer_part - p + exp_number;
      } else { // We have a value with a fractional component.
          p = answer.fraction.ptr;
-          const char* frac_end = p + answer.fraction.len();
+          UC const * frac_end = p + answer.fraction.len();
          while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != frac_end)) {
-            i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
+            i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - UC('0'));
            ++p;
          }
          exponent = answer.fraction.ptr - p + exp_number;
--- a/include/fast_float/bigint.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/bigint.h
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace fast_float {
 // we might have platforms where `CHAR_BIT` is not 8, so let's avoid
 // doing `8 * sizeof(limb)`.
 #if defined(FASTFLOAT_64BIT) && !defined(__sparc)
-#define FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
+#define FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB 1
 typedef uint64_t limb;
 constexpr size_t limb_bits = 64;
 #else
@ -50,27 +50,27 @@ struct stackvec {
  stackvec &operator=(stackvec &&other) = delete;

  // create stack vector from existing limb span.
-  stackvec(limb_span s) {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 stackvec(limb_span s) {
    FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(try_extend(s));
  }

-  limb& operator[](size_t index) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 limb& operator[](size_t index) noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
    return data[index];
  }
-  const limb& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 const limb& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
    return data[index];
  }
  // index from the end of the container
-  const limb& rindex(size_t index) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 const limb& rindex(size_t index) const noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
    size_t rindex = length - index - 1;
    return data[rindex];
  }

  // set the length, without bounds checking.
-  void set_len(size_t len) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 void set_len(size_t len) noexcept {
    length = uint16_t(len);
  }
  constexpr size_t len() const noexcept {
@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ struct stackvec {
    return size;
  }
  // append item to vector, without bounds checking
-  void push_unchecked(limb value) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 void push_unchecked(limb value) noexcept {
    data[length] = value;
    length++;
  }
  // append item to vector, returning if item was added
-  bool try_push(limb value) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 bool try_push(limb value) noexcept {
    if (len() < capacity()) {
      push_unchecked(value);
      return true;
@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ struct stackvec {
    }
  }
  // add items to the vector, from a span, without bounds checking
-  void extend_unchecked(limb_span s) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 void extend_unchecked(limb_span s) noexcept {
    limb* ptr = data + length;
-    ::memcpy((void*)ptr, (const void*)s.ptr, sizeof(limb) * s.len());
+    std::copy_n(s.ptr, s.len(), ptr);
    set_len(len() + s.len());
  }
  // try to add items to the vector, returning if items were added
-  bool try_extend(limb_span s) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool try_extend(limb_span s) noexcept {
    if (len() + s.len() <= capacity()) {
      extend_unchecked(s);
      return true;
@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ struct stackvec {
  // resize the vector, without bounds checking
  // if the new size is longer than the vector, assign value to each
  // appended item.
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
  void resize_unchecked(size_t new_len, limb value) noexcept {
    if (new_len > len()) {
      size_t count = new_len - len();
@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ struct stackvec {
    }
  }
  // try to resize the vector, returning if the vector was resized.
-  bool try_resize(size_t new_len, limb value) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool try_resize(size_t new_len, limb value) noexcept {
    if (new_len > capacity()) {
      return false;
    } else {
@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ struct stackvec {
  // check if any limbs are non-zero after the given index.
  // this needs to be done in reverse order, since the index
  // is relative to the most significant limbs.
-  bool nonzero(size_t index) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 bool nonzero(size_t index) const noexcept {
    while (index < len()) {
      if (rindex(index) != 0) {
        return true;
@ -147,27 +148,27 @@ struct stackvec {
    return false;
  }
  // normalize the big integer, so most-significant zero limbs are removed.
-  void normalize() noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 void normalize() noexcept {
    while (len() > 0 && rindex(0) == 0) {
      length--;
    }
  }
 };

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
 uint64_t empty_hi64(bool& truncated) noexcept {
  truncated = false;
  return 0;
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 uint64_t uint64_hi64(uint64_t r0, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  truncated = false;
  int shl = leading_zeroes(r0);
  return r0 << shl;
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 uint64_t uint64_hi64(uint64_t r0, uint64_t r1, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  int shl = leading_zeroes(r0);
  if (shl == 0) {
@ -180,19 +181,19 @@ uint64_t uint64_hi64(uint64_t r0, uint64_t r1, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  }
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  return uint64_hi64(r0, truncated);
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, uint32_t r1, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  uint64_t x0 = r0;
  uint64_t x1 = r1;
  return uint64_hi64((x0 << 32) | x1, truncated);
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, uint32_t r1, uint32_t r2, bool& truncated) noexcept {
  uint64_t x0 = r0;
  uint64_t x1 = r1;
@ -204,15 +205,16 @@ uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, uint32_t r1, uint32_t r2, bool& truncated) noe
 // we want an efficient operation. for msvc, where
 // we don't have built-in intrinsics, this is still
 // pretty fast.
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 limb scalar_add(limb x, limb y, bool& overflow) noexcept {
  limb z;
-
 // gcc and clang
 #if defined(__has_builtin)
  #if __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow)
-    overflow = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &z);
-    return z;
+    if (!cpp20_and_in_constexpr()) {
+      overflow = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &z);
+      return z;
+    }
  #endif
 #endif

@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ limb scalar_add(limb x, limb y, bool& overflow) noexcept {
 }

 // multiply two small integers, getting both the high and low bits.
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 limb scalar_mul(limb x, limb y, limb& carry) noexcept {
 #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
  #if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
@ -251,7 +253,8 @@ limb scalar_mul(limb x, limb y, limb& carry) noexcept {
 // add scalar value to bigint starting from offset.
 // used in grade school multiplication
 template <uint16_t size>
-inline bool small_add_from(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y, size_t start) noexcept {
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool small_add_from(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y, size_t start) noexcept {
  size_t index = start;
  limb carry = y;
  bool overflow;
@ -268,13 +271,15 @@ inline bool small_add_from(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y, size_t start) noexcept {

 // add scalar value to bigint.
 template <uint16_t size>
-fastfloat_really_inline bool small_add(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool small_add(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
  return small_add_from(vec, y, 0);
 }

 // multiply bigint by scalar value.
 template <uint16_t size>
-inline bool small_mul(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool small_mul(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
  limb carry = 0;
  for (size_t index = 0; index < vec.len(); index++) {
    vec[index] = scalar_mul(vec[index], y, carry);
@ -288,6 +293,7 @@ inline bool small_mul(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
 // add bigint to bigint starting from index.
 // used in grade school multiplication
 template <uint16_t size>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y, size_t start) noexcept {
  // the effective x buffer is from `xstart..x.len()`, so exit early
  // if we can't get that current range.
@ -318,12 +324,14 @@ bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y, size_t start) noexcept {

 // add bigint to bigint.
 template <uint16_t size>
-fastfloat_really_inline bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
  return large_add_from(x, y, 0);
 }

 // grade-school multiplication algorithm
 template <uint16_t size>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 bool long_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
  limb_span xs = limb_span(x.data, x.len());
  stackvec<size> z(xs);
@ -352,6 +360,7 @@ bool long_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {

 // grade-school multiplication algorithm
 template <uint16_t size>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 bool large_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
  if (y.len() == 1) {
    FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(x, y[0]));
@ -361,21 +370,52 @@ bool large_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
  return true;
 }

+template <typename = void>
+struct pow5_tables {
+  static constexpr uint32_t large_step = 135;
+  static constexpr uint64_t small_power_of_5[] = {
+    1UL, 5UL, 25UL, 125UL, 625UL, 3125UL, 15625UL, 78125UL, 390625UL,
+    1953125UL, 9765625UL, 48828125UL, 244140625UL, 1220703125UL,
+    6103515625UL, 30517578125UL, 152587890625UL, 762939453125UL,
+    3814697265625UL, 19073486328125UL, 95367431640625UL, 476837158203125UL,
+    2384185791015625UL, 11920928955078125UL, 59604644775390625UL,
+    298023223876953125UL, 1490116119384765625UL, 7450580596923828125UL,
+  };
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
+  constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
+    1414648277510068013UL, 9180637584431281687UL, 4539964771860779200UL,
+    10482974169319127550UL, 198276706040285095UL};
+#else
+  constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
+    4279965485U, 329373468U, 4020270615U, 2137533757U, 4287402176U,
+    1057042919U, 1071430142U, 2440757623U, 381945767U, 46164893U};
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr uint32_t pow5_tables<T>::large_step;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr uint64_t pow5_tables<T>::small_power_of_5[];
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr limb pow5_tables<T>::large_power_of_5[];
+
 // big integer type. implements a small subset of big integer
 // arithmetic, using simple algorithms since asymptotically
 // faster algorithms are slower for a small number of limbs.
 // all operations assume the big-integer is normalized.
-struct bigint {
+struct bigint : pow5_tables<> {
  // storage of the limbs, in little-endian order.
  stackvec<bigint_limbs> vec;

-  bigint(): vec() {}
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint(): vec() {}
  bigint(const bigint &) = delete;
  bigint &operator=(const bigint &) = delete;
  bigint(bigint &&) = delete;
  bigint &operator=(bigint &&other) = delete;

-  bigint(uint64_t value): vec() {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint(uint64_t value): vec() {
 #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
    vec.push_unchecked(value);
 #else
@ -387,7 +427,7 @@ struct bigint {

  // get the high 64 bits from the vector, and if bits were truncated.
  // this is to get the significant digits for the float.
-  uint64_t hi64(bool& truncated) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 uint64_t hi64(bool& truncated) const noexcept {
 #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
    if (vec.len() == 0) {
      return empty_hi64(truncated);
@ -419,7 +459,7 @@ struct bigint {
  // positive, this is larger, otherwise they are equal.
  // the limbs are stored in little-endian order, so we
  // must compare the limbs in ever order.
-  int compare(const bigint& other) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 int compare(const bigint& other) const noexcept {
    if (vec.len() > other.vec.len()) {
      return 1;
    } else if (vec.len() < other.vec.len()) {
@ -440,7 +480,7 @@ struct bigint {

  // shift left each limb n bits, carrying over to the new limb
  // returns true if we were able to shift all the digits.
-  bool shl_bits(size_t n) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool shl_bits(size_t n) noexcept {
    // Internally, for each item, we shift left by n, and add the previous
    // right shifted limb-bits.
    // For example, we transform (for u8) shifted left 2, to:
@ -466,7 +506,7 @@ struct bigint {
  }

  // move the limbs left by `n` limbs.
-  bool shl_limbs(size_t n) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool shl_limbs(size_t n) noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(n != 0);
    if (n + vec.len() > vec.capacity()) {
      return false;
@ -474,7 +514,7 @@ struct bigint {
      // move limbs
      limb* dst = vec.data + n;
      const limb* src = vec.data;
-      ::memmove(dst, src, sizeof(limb) * vec.len());
+      std::copy_backward(src, src + vec.len(), dst + vec.len());
      // fill in empty limbs
      limb* first = vec.data;
      limb* last = first + n;
@ -487,7 +527,7 @@ struct bigint {
  }

  // move the limbs left by `n` bits.
-  bool shl(size_t n) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool shl(size_t n) noexcept {
    size_t rem = n % limb_bits;
    size_t div = n / limb_bits;
    if (rem != 0) {
@ -500,7 +540,7 @@ struct bigint {
  }

  // get the number of leading zeros in the bigint.
-  int ctlz() const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 int ctlz() const noexcept {
    if (vec.is_empty()) {
      return 0;
    } else {
@ -515,45 +555,27 @@ struct bigint {
  }

  // get the number of bits in the bigint.
-  int bit_length() const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 int bit_length() const noexcept {
    int lz = ctlz();
    return int(limb_bits * vec.len()) - lz;
  }

-  bool mul(limb y) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool mul(limb y) noexcept {
    return small_mul(vec, y);
  }

-  bool add(limb y) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool add(limb y) noexcept {
    return small_add(vec, y);
  }

  // multiply as if by 2 raised to a power.
-  bool pow2(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool pow2(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
    return shl(exp);
  }

  // multiply as if by 5 raised to a power.
-  bool pow5(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool pow5(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
    // multiply by a power of 5
-    static constexpr uint32_t large_step = 135;
-    static constexpr uint64_t small_power_of_5[] = {
-      1UL, 5UL, 25UL, 125UL, 625UL, 3125UL, 15625UL, 78125UL, 390625UL,
-      1953125UL, 9765625UL, 48828125UL, 244140625UL, 1220703125UL,
-      6103515625UL, 30517578125UL, 152587890625UL, 762939453125UL,
-      3814697265625UL, 19073486328125UL, 95367431640625UL, 476837158203125UL,
-      2384185791015625UL, 11920928955078125UL, 59604644775390625UL,
-      298023223876953125UL, 1490116119384765625UL, 7450580596923828125UL,
-    };
-#ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
-    constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
-      1414648277510068013UL, 9180637584431281687UL, 4539964771860779200UL,
-      10482974169319127550UL, 198276706040285095UL};
-#else
-    constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
-      4279965485U, 329373468U, 4020270615U, 2137533757U, 4287402176U,
-      1057042919U, 1071430142U, 2440757623U, 381945767U, 46164893U};
-#endif
    size_t large_length = sizeof(large_power_of_5) / sizeof(limb);
    limb_span large = limb_span(large_power_of_5, large_length);
    while (exp >= large_step) {
@ -572,14 +594,19 @@ struct bigint {
      exp -= small_step;
    }
    if (exp != 0) {
-      FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(vec, limb(small_power_of_5[exp])));
+      // Work around clang bug https://godbolt.org/z/zedh7rrhc
+      // This is similar to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/47746,
+      // except the workaround described there don't work here
+      FASTFLOAT_TRY(
+        small_mul(vec, limb(((void)small_power_of_5[0], small_power_of_5[exp])))
+      );
    }

    return true;
  }

  // multiply as if by 10 raised to a power.
-  bool pow10(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 bool pow10(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_TRY(pow5(exp));
    return pow2(exp);
  }
--- a/include/fast_float/constexpr_feature_detect.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/constexpr_feature_detect.h
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_FEATURE_DETECT_H
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_FEATURE_DETECT_H
+
+#ifdef __has_include
+#if __has_include(<version>)
+#include <version>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// Testing for https://wg21.link/N3652, adopted in C++14
+#if __cpp_constexpr >= 201304
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 constexpr
+#else
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_bit_cast) && __cpp_lib_bit_cast >= 201806L
+#define FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST 1
+#else
+#define FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated) && __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated >= 201811L
+#define FASTFLOAT_HAS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED 1
+#else
+#define FASTFLOAT_HAS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED 0
+#endif
+
+// Testing for relevant C++20 constexpr library features
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED \
+    && FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST \
+    && __cpp_lib_constexpr_algorithms >= 201806L /*For std::copy and std::fill*/
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#define FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR 1
+#else
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+#define FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR 0
+#endif
+
+#endif // FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_FEATURE_DETECT_H
--- a/include/fast_float/decimal_to_binary.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/decimal_to_binary.h
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace fast_float {
 // low part corresponding to the least significant bits.
 //
 template <int bit_precision>
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 value128 compute_product_approximation(int64_t q, uint64_t w) {
  const int index = 2 * int(q - powers::smallest_power_of_five);
  // For small values of q, e.g., q in [0,27], the answer is always exact because
@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ namespace detail {
 * where
 *   p = log(5**q)/log(2) = q * log(5)/log(2)
 *
- * For negative values of q in (-400,0), we have that 
+ * For negative values of q in (-400,0), we have that
 *  f = (((152170 + 65536) * q ) >> 16);
- * is equal to 
+ * is equal to
 *   -ceil(p) + q
 * where
 *   p = log(5**-q)/log(2) = -q * log(5)/log(2)
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace detail {
 // create an adjusted mantissa, biased by the invalid power2
 // for significant digits already multiplied by 10 ** q.
 template <typename binary>
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
 adjusted_mantissa compute_error_scaled(int64_t q, uint64_t w, int lz) noexcept  {
  int hilz = int(w >> 63) ^ 1;
  adjusted_mantissa answer;
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ adjusted_mantissa compute_error_scaled(int64_t q, uint64_t w, int lz) noexcept
 // w * 10 ** q, without rounding the representation up.
 // the power2 in the exponent will be adjusted by invalid_am_bias.
 template <typename binary>
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 adjusted_mantissa compute_error(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
  int lz = leading_zeroes(w);
  w <<= lz;
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ adjusted_mantissa compute_error(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
 // return an adjusted_mantissa with a negative power of 2: the caller should recompute
 // in such cases.
 template <typename binary>
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 adjusted_mantissa compute_float(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
  adjusted_mantissa answer;
  if ((w == 0) || (q < binary::smallest_power_of_ten())) {
@ -117,16 +117,11 @@ adjusted_mantissa compute_float(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
  // 3. We might lose a bit due to the "upperbit" routine (result too small, requiring a shift)

  value128 product = compute_product_approximation<binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() + 3>(q, w);
-  if(product.low == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) { //  could guard it further
-    // In some very rare cases, this could happen, in which case we might need a more accurate
-    // computation that what we can provide cheaply. This is very, very unlikely.
-    //
-    const bool inside_safe_exponent = (q >= -27) && (q <= 55); // always good because 5**q <2**128 when q>=0, 
-    // and otherwise, for q<0, we have 5**-q<2**64 and the 128-bit reciprocal allows for exact computation.
-    if(!inside_safe_exponent) {
-      return compute_error_scaled<binary>(q, product.high, lz);
-    }
-  }
+  // The computed 'product' is always sufficient.
+  // Mathematical proof:
+  // Noble Mushtak and Daniel Lemire, Fast Number Parsing Without Fallback (to appear)
+  // See script/mushtak_lemire.py
+
  // The "compute_product_approximation" function can be slightly slower than a branchless approach:
  // value128 product = compute_product(q, w);
  // but in practice, we can win big with the compute_product_approximation if its additional branch
--- a/include/fast_float/digit_comparison.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/digit_comparison.h
@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ constexpr static uint64_t powers_of_ten_uint64[] = {
 // this algorithm is not even close to optimized, but it has no practical
 // effect on performance: in order to have a faster algorithm, we'd need
 // to slow down performance for faster algorithms, and this is still fast.
-fastfloat_really_inline int32_t scientific_exponent(parsed_number_string& num) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+int32_t scientific_exponent(parsed_number_string_t<UC> & num) noexcept {
  uint64_t mantissa = num.mantissa;
  int32_t exponent = int32_t(num.exponent);
  while (mantissa >= 10000) {
@ -43,41 +45,30 @@ fastfloat_really_inline int32_t scientific_exponent(parsed_number_string& num) n

 // this converts a native floating-point number to an extended-precision float.
 template <typename T>
-fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended(T value) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+adjusted_mantissa to_extended(T value) noexcept {
+  using equiv_uint = typename binary_format<T>::equiv_uint;
+  constexpr equiv_uint exponent_mask = binary_format<T>::exponent_mask();
+  constexpr equiv_uint mantissa_mask = binary_format<T>::mantissa_mask();
+  constexpr equiv_uint hidden_bit_mask = binary_format<T>::hidden_bit_mask();
+
  adjusted_mantissa am;
  int32_t bias = binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits() - binary_format<T>::minimum_exponent();
-  if (std::is_same<T, float>::value) {
-    constexpr uint32_t exponent_mask = 0x7F800000;
-    constexpr uint32_t mantissa_mask = 0x007FFFFF;
-    constexpr uint64_t hidden_bit_mask = 0x00800000;
-    uint32_t bits;
-    ::memcpy(&bits, &value, sizeof(T));
-    if ((bits & exponent_mask) == 0) {
-      // denormal
-      am.power2 = 1 - bias;
-      am.mantissa = bits & mantissa_mask;
-    } else {
-      // normal
-      am.power2 = int32_t((bits & exponent_mask) >> binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
-      am.power2 -= bias;
-      am.mantissa = (bits & mantissa_mask) | hidden_bit_mask;
-    }
+  equiv_uint bits;
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST
+  bits = std::bit_cast<equiv_uint>(value);
+#else
+  ::memcpy(&bits, &value, sizeof(T));
+#endif
+  if ((bits & exponent_mask) == 0) {
+    // denormal
+    am.power2 = 1 - bias;
+    am.mantissa = bits & mantissa_mask;
  } else {
-    constexpr uint64_t exponent_mask = 0x7FF0000000000000;
-    constexpr uint64_t mantissa_mask = 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF;
-    constexpr uint64_t hidden_bit_mask = 0x0010000000000000;
-    uint64_t bits;
-    ::memcpy(&bits, &value, sizeof(T));
-    if ((bits & exponent_mask) == 0) {
-      // denormal
-      am.power2 = 1 - bias;
-      am.mantissa = bits & mantissa_mask;
-    } else {
-      // normal
-      am.power2 = int32_t((bits & exponent_mask) >> binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
-      am.power2 -= bias;
-      am.mantissa = (bits & mantissa_mask) | hidden_bit_mask;
-    }
+    // normal
+    am.power2 = int32_t((bits & exponent_mask) >> binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
+    am.power2 -= bias;
+    am.mantissa = (bits & mantissa_mask) | hidden_bit_mask;
  }

  return am;
@ -87,7 +78,8 @@ fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended(T value) noexcept {
 // we are given a native float that represents b, so we need to adjust it
 // halfway between b and b+u.
 template <typename T>
-fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended_halfway(T value) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+adjusted_mantissa to_extended_halfway(T value) noexcept {
  adjusted_mantissa am = to_extended(value);
  am.mantissa <<= 1;
  am.mantissa += 1;
@ -97,12 +89,13 @@ fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended_halfway(T value) noexcept

 // round an extended-precision float to the nearest machine float.
 template <typename T, typename callback>
-fastfloat_really_inline void round(adjusted_mantissa& am, callback cb) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+void round(adjusted_mantissa& am, callback cb) noexcept {
  int32_t mantissa_shift = 64 - binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits() - 1;
  if (-am.power2 >= mantissa_shift) {
    // have a denormal float
    int32_t shift = -am.power2 + 1;
-    cb(am, std::min(shift, 64));
+    cb(am, std::min<int32_t>(shift, 64));
    // check for round-up: if rounding-nearest carried us to the hidden bit.
    am.power2 = (am.mantissa < (uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits())) ? 0 : 1;
    return;
@ -126,23 +119,19 @@ fastfloat_really_inline void round(adjusted_mantissa& am, callback cb) noexcept
 }

 template <typename callback>
-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
 void round_nearest_tie_even(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift, callback cb) noexcept {
-  uint64_t mask;
-  uint64_t halfway;
-  if (shift == 64) {
-    mask = UINT64_MAX;
-  } else {
-    mask = (uint64_t(1) << shift) - 1;
-  }
-  if (shift == 0) {
-    halfway = 0;
-  } else {
-    halfway = uint64_t(1) << (shift - 1);
-  }
+  const uint64_t mask
+  = (shift == 64)
+    ? UINT64_MAX
+    : (uint64_t(1) << shift) - 1;
+  const uint64_t halfway
+  = (shift == 0)
+    ? 0
+    : uint64_t(1) << (shift - 1);
  uint64_t truncated_bits = am.mantissa & mask;
-  uint64_t is_above = truncated_bits > halfway;
-  uint64_t is_halfway = truncated_bits == halfway;
+  bool is_above = truncated_bits > halfway;
+  bool is_halfway = truncated_bits == halfway;

  // shift digits into position
  if (shift == 64) {
@ -156,7 +145,8 @@ void round_nearest_tie_even(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift, callback cb) n
  am.mantissa += uint64_t(cb(is_odd, is_halfway, is_above));
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline void round_down(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+void round_down(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift) noexcept {
  if (shift == 64) {
    am.mantissa = 0;
  } else {
@ -164,18 +154,19 @@ fastfloat_really_inline void round_down(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift) no
  }
  am.power2 += shift;
 }
-
-fastfloat_really_inline void skip_zeros(const char*& first, const char* last) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void skip_zeros(UC const * & first, UC const * last) noexcept {
  uint64_t val;
-  while (std::distance(first, last) >= 8) {
+  while (!cpp20_and_in_constexpr() && std::distance(first, last) >= int_cmp_len<UC>()) {
    ::memcpy(&val, first, sizeof(uint64_t));
-    if (val != 0x3030303030303030) {
+    if (val != int_cmp_zeros<UC>()) {
      break;
    }
-    first += 8;
+    first += int_cmp_len<UC>();
  }
  while (first != last) {
-    if (*first != '0') {
+    if (*first != UC('0')) {
      break;
    }
    first++;
@ -184,52 +175,58 @@ fastfloat_really_inline void skip_zeros(const char*& first, const char* last) no

 // determine if any non-zero digits were truncated.
 // all characters must be valid digits.
-fastfloat_really_inline bool is_truncated(const char* first, const char* last) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool is_truncated(UC const * first, UC const * last) noexcept {
  // do 8-bit optimizations, can just compare to 8 literal 0s.
  uint64_t val;
-  while (std::distance(first, last) >= 8) {
+  while (!cpp20_and_in_constexpr() && std::distance(first, last) >= int_cmp_len<UC>()) {
    ::memcpy(&val, first, sizeof(uint64_t));
-    if (val != 0x3030303030303030) {
+    if (val != int_cmp_zeros<UC>()) {
      return true;
    }
-    first += 8;
+    first += int_cmp_len<UC>();
  }
  while (first != last) {
-    if (*first != '0') {
+    if (*first != UC('0')) {
      return true;
    }
-    first++;
+    ++first;
  }
  return false;
 }
-
-fastfloat_really_inline bool is_truncated(byte_span s) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+bool is_truncated(span<UC> s) noexcept {
  return is_truncated(s.ptr, s.ptr + s.len());
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
-void parse_eight_digits(const char*& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void parse_eight_digits(UC const *& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
  value = value * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p);
  p += 8;
  counter += 8;
  count += 8;
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
-void parse_one_digit(const char*& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
-  value = value * 10 + limb(*p - '0');
+template <typename UC>
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+void parse_one_digit(UC const *& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
+  value = value * 10 + limb(*p - UC('0'));
  p++;
  counter++;
  count++;
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
 void add_native(bigint& big, limb power, limb value) noexcept {
  big.mul(power);
  big.add(value);
 }

-fastfloat_really_inline void round_up_bigint(bigint& big, size_t& count) noexcept {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void round_up_bigint(bigint& big, size_t& count) noexcept {
  // need to round-up the digits, but need to avoid rounding
  // ....9999 to ...10000, which could cause a false halfway point.
  add_native(big, 10, 1);
@ -237,7 +234,9 @@ fastfloat_really_inline void round_up_bigint(bigint& big, size_t& count) noexcep
 }

 // parse the significant digits into a big integer
-inline void parse_mantissa(bigint& result, parsed_number_string& num, size_t max_digits, size_t& digits) noexcept {
+template <typename UC>
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void parse_mantissa(bigint& result, parsed_number_string_t<UC>& num, size_t max_digits, size_t& digits) noexcept {
  // try to minimize the number of big integer and scalar multiplication.
  // therefore, try to parse 8 digits at a time, and multiply by the largest
  // scalar value (9 or 19 digits) for each step.
@ -251,8 +250,8 @@ inline void parse_mantissa(bigint& result, parsed_number_string& num, size_t max
 #endif

  // process all integer digits.
-  const char* p = num.integer.ptr;
-  const char* pend = p + num.integer.len();
+  UC const * p = num.integer.ptr;
+  UC const * pend = p + num.integer.len();
  skip_zeros(p, pend);
  // process all digits, in increments of step per loop
  while (p != pend) {
@ -317,7 +316,8 @@ inline void parse_mantissa(bigint& result, parsed_number_string& num, size_t max
 }

 template <typename T>
-inline adjusted_mantissa positive_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+adjusted_mantissa positive_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
  FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(bigmant.pow10(uint32_t(exponent)));
  adjusted_mantissa answer;
  bool truncated;
@ -340,7 +340,8 @@ inline adjusted_mantissa positive_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, int32_t exponent)
 // we then need to scale by `2^(f- e)`, and then the two significant digits
 // are of the same magnitude.
 template <typename T>
-inline adjusted_mantissa negative_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, adjusted_mantissa am, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+adjusted_mantissa negative_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, adjusted_mantissa am, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
  bigint& real_digits = bigmant;
  int32_t real_exp = exponent;

@ -399,8 +400,9 @@ inline adjusted_mantissa negative_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, adjusted_mantissa
 // `b` as a big-integer type, scaled to the same binary exponent as
 // the actual digits. we then compare the big integer representations
 // of both, and use that to direct rounding.
-template <typename T>
-inline adjusted_mantissa digit_comp(parsed_number_string& num, adjusted_mantissa am) noexcept {
+template <typename T, typename UC>
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+adjusted_mantissa digit_comp(parsed_number_string_t<UC>& num, adjusted_mantissa am) noexcept {
  // remove the invalid exponent bias
  am.power2 -= invalid_am_bias;

--- a/include/fast_float/fast_float.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/fast_float.h
@ -3,6 +3,8 @@

 #include <system_error>

+#include "constexpr_feature_detect.h"
+
 namespace fast_float {
 enum chars_format {
    scientific = 1<<0,
@ -11,22 +13,25 @@ enum chars_format {
    general = fixed | scientific
 };

-
-struct from_chars_result {
-  const char *ptr;
+template <typename UC>
+struct from_chars_result_t {
+  UC const * ptr;
  std::errc ec;
 };
+using from_chars_result = from_chars_result_t<char>;

-struct parse_options {
-  constexpr explicit parse_options(chars_format fmt = chars_format::general,
-                         char dot = '.')
+template <typename UC>
+struct parse_options_t {
+  constexpr explicit parse_options_t(chars_format fmt = chars_format::general,
+                         UC dot = UC('.'))
    : format(fmt), decimal_point(dot) {}

  /** Which number formats are accepted */
  chars_format format;
  /** The character used as decimal point */
-  char decimal_point;
+  UC decimal_point;
 };
+using parse_options = parse_options_t<char>;

 /**
 * This function parses the character sequence [first,last) for a number. It parses floating-point numbers expecting
@ -44,20 +49,22 @@ struct parse_options {
 * Like the C++17 standard, the `fast_float::from_chars` functions take an optional last argument of
 * the type `fast_float::chars_format`. It is a bitset value: we check whether
 * `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::fixed` and `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::scientific` are set
- * to determine whether we allowe the fixed point and scientific notation respectively.
+ * to determine whether we allow the fixed point and scientific notation respectively.
 * The default is  `fast_float::chars_format::general` which allows both `fixed` and `scientific`.
 */
-template<typename T>
-from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last,
+template<typename T, typename UC = char>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+from_chars_result_t<UC> from_chars(UC const * first, UC const * last,
                             T &value, chars_format fmt = chars_format::general)  noexcept;

 /**
 * Like from_chars, but accepts an `options` argument to govern number parsing.
 */
-template<typename T>
-from_chars_result from_chars_advanced(const char *first, const char *last,
-                                      T &value, parse_options options)  noexcept;
+template<typename T, typename UC = char>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+from_chars_result_t<UC> from_chars_advanced(UC const * first, UC const * last,
+                                      T &value, parse_options_t<UC> options)  noexcept;

-}
+} // namespace fast_float
 #include "parse_number.h"
 #endif // FASTFLOAT_FAST_FLOAT_H
--- a/include/fast_float/fast_table.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/fast_table.h
--- a/include/fast_float/float_common.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/float_common.h
@ -5,18 +5,22 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST
+#include <bit>
+#endif

 #if (defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)   \
       || defined(__amd64) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64) \
       || defined(__MINGW64__)                                          \
       || defined(__s390x__)                                            \
-       || (defined(__ppc64__) || defined(__PPC64__) || defined(__ppc64le__) || defined(__PPC64LE__)) \
-       || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__))
-#define FASTFLOAT_64BIT
+       || (defined(__ppc64__) || defined(__PPC64__) || defined(__ppc64le__) || defined(__PPC64LE__)) )
+#define FASTFLOAT_64BIT 1
 #elif (defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)   \
-     || defined(__arm__) || defined(_M_ARM)                   \
-     || defined(__MINGW32__))
-#define FASTFLOAT_32BIT
+     || defined(__arm__) || defined(_M_ARM) || defined(__ppc__)   \
+     || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__))
+#define FASTFLOAT_32BIT 1
 #else
  // Need to check incrementally, since SIZE_MAX is a size_t, avoid overflow.
  // We can never tell the register width, but the SIZE_MAX is a good approximation.
@ -24,9 +28,9 @@
  #if SIZE_MAX == 0xffff
    #error Unknown platform (16-bit, unsupported)
  #elif SIZE_MAX == 0xffffffff
-    #define FASTFLOAT_32BIT
+    #define FASTFLOAT_32BIT 1
  #elif SIZE_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
-    #define FASTFLOAT_64BIT
+    #define FASTFLOAT_64BIT 1
  #else
    #error Unknown platform (not 32-bit, not 64-bit?)
  #endif
@ -40,7 +44,9 @@
 #define FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO 1
 #endif

-#ifdef _WIN32
+#if defined __BYTE_ORDER__ && defined __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+#elif defined _WIN32
 #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
 #else
 #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
@ -48,7 +54,11 @@
 #elif defined(sun) || defined(__sun)
 #include <sys/byteorder.h>
 #else
+#ifdef __has_include
+#if __has_include(<endian.h>)
 #include <endian.h>
+#endif //__has_include(<endian.h>)
+#endif //__has_include
 #endif
 #
 #ifndef __BYTE_ORDER__
@ -75,12 +85,11 @@
 #endif

 #ifndef FASTFLOAT_ASSERT
-#define FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(x)  { if (!(x)) abort(); }
+#define FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(x)  { ((void)(x)); }
 #endif

 #ifndef FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT
-#include <cassert>
-#define FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
+#define FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(x) { ((void)(x)); }
 #endif

 // rust style `try!()` macro, or `?` operator
@ -88,12 +97,21 @@

 namespace fast_float {

+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr bool cpp20_and_in_constexpr() {
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 // Compares two ASCII strings in a case insensitive manner.
-inline bool fastfloat_strncasecmp(const char *input1, const char *input2,
-                                  size_t length) {
+template <typename UC>
+inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 bool
+fastfloat_strncasecmp(UC const * input1, UC const * input2, size_t length) {
  char running_diff{0};
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    running_diff |= (input1[i] ^ input2[i]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+    running_diff |= (char(input1[i]) ^ char(input2[i]));
  }
  return (running_diff == 0) || (running_diff == 32);
 }
@ -107,14 +125,14 @@ template <typename T>
 struct span {
  const T* ptr;
  size_t length;
-  span(const T* _ptr, size_t _length) : ptr(_ptr), length(_length) {}
-  span() : ptr(nullptr), length(0) {}
+  constexpr span(const T* _ptr, size_t _length) : ptr(_ptr), length(_length) {}
+  constexpr span() : ptr(nullptr), length(0) {}

  constexpr size_t len() const noexcept {
    return length;
  }

-  const T& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
+  FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14 const T& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
    return ptr[index];
  }
@ -123,13 +141,31 @@ struct span {
 struct value128 {
  uint64_t low;
  uint64_t high;
-  value128(uint64_t _low, uint64_t _high) : low(_low), high(_high) {}
-  value128() : low(0), high(0) {}
+  constexpr value128(uint64_t _low, uint64_t _high) : low(_low), high(_high) {}
+  constexpr value128() : low(0), high(0) {}
 };

+/* Helper C++11 constexpr generic implementation of leading_zeroes */
+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr
+int leading_zeroes_generic(uint64_t input_num, int last_bit = 0) {
+  return (
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(0xffffffff00000000)) && (input_num >>= 32, last_bit |= 32)),
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(        0xffff0000)) && (input_num >>= 16, last_bit |= 16)),
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(            0xff00)) && (input_num >>=  8, last_bit |=  8)),
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(              0xf0)) && (input_num >>=  4, last_bit |=  4)),
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(               0xc)) && (input_num >>=  2, last_bit |=  2)),
+    ((input_num & uint64_t(               0x2)) && (input_num >>=  1, last_bit |=  1)),
+    63 - last_bit
+  );
+}
+
 /* result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
-fastfloat_really_inline int leading_zeroes(uint64_t input_num) {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+int leading_zeroes(uint64_t input_num) {
  assert(input_num > 0);
+  if (cpp20_and_in_constexpr()) {
+    return leading_zeroes_generic(input_num);
+  }
 #ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
  #if defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_ARM64)
  unsigned long leading_zero = 0;
@ -138,31 +174,20 @@ fastfloat_really_inline int leading_zeroes(uint64_t input_num) {
  _BitScanReverse64(&leading_zero, input_num);
  return (int)(63 - leading_zero);
  #else
-  int last_bit = 0;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(0xffffffff00000000)) input_num >>= 32, last_bit |= 32;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(        0xffff0000)) input_num >>= 16, last_bit |= 16;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(            0xff00)) input_num >>=  8, last_bit |=  8;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(              0xf0)) input_num >>=  4, last_bit |=  4;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(               0xc)) input_num >>=  2, last_bit |=  2;
-  if(input_num & uint64_t(               0x2)) input_num >>=  1, last_bit |=  1;
-  return 63 - last_bit;
+  return leading_zeroes_generic(input_num);
  #endif
 #else
  return __builtin_clzll(input_num);
 #endif
 }

-#ifdef FASTFLOAT_32BIT
-
 // slow emulation routine for 32-bit
-fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t emulu(uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+fastfloat_really_inline constexpr uint64_t emulu(uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
    return x * (uint64_t)y;
 }

-// slow emulation routine for 32-bit
-#if !defined(__MINGW64__)
-fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t _umul128(uint64_t ab, uint64_t cd,
-                                          uint64_t *hi) {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+uint64_t umul128_generic(uint64_t ab, uint64_t cd, uint64_t *hi) {
  uint64_t ad = emulu((uint32_t)(ab >> 32), (uint32_t)cd);
  uint64_t bd = emulu((uint32_t)ab, (uint32_t)cd);
  uint64_t adbc = ad + emulu((uint32_t)ab, (uint32_t)(cd >> 32));
@ -172,17 +197,32 @@ fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t _umul128(uint64_t ab, uint64_t cd,
        (adbc_carry << 32) + !!(lo < bd);
  return lo;
 }
+
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_32BIT
+
+// slow emulation routine for 32-bit
+#if !defined(__MINGW64__)
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+uint64_t _umul128(uint64_t ab, uint64_t cd, uint64_t *hi) {
+  return umul128_generic(ab, cd, hi);
+}
 #endif // !__MINGW64__

 #endif // FASTFLOAT_32BIT


 // compute 64-bit a*b
-fastfloat_really_inline value128 full_multiplication(uint64_t a,
-                                                     uint64_t b) {
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+value128 full_multiplication(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) {
+  if (cpp20_and_in_constexpr()) {
+    value128 answer;
+    answer.low = umul128_generic(a, b, &answer.high);
+    return answer;
+  }
  value128 answer;
-#ifdef _M_ARM64
+#if defined(_M_ARM64) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
  // ARM64 has native support for 64-bit multiplications, no need to emulate
+  // But MinGW on ARM64 doesn't have native support for 64-bit multiplications
  answer.high = __umulh(a, b);
  answer.low = a * b;
 #elif defined(FASTFLOAT_32BIT) || (defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__))
@ -192,7 +232,7 @@ fastfloat_really_inline value128 full_multiplication(uint64_t a,
  answer.low = uint64_t(r);
  answer.high = uint64_t(r >> 64);
 #else
-  #error Not implemented
+  answer.low = umul128_generic(a, b, &answer.high);
 #endif
  return answer;
 }
@ -201,10 +241,10 @@ struct adjusted_mantissa {
  uint64_t mantissa{0};
  int32_t power2{0}; // a negative value indicates an invalid result
  adjusted_mantissa() = default;
-  bool operator==(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
+  constexpr bool operator==(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
    return mantissa == o.mantissa && power2 == o.power2;
  }
-  bool operator!=(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
+  constexpr bool operator!=(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
    return mantissa != o.mantissa || power2 != o.power2;
  }
 };
@ -215,25 +255,91 @@ constexpr static int32_t invalid_am_bias = -0x8000;
 constexpr static double powers_of_ten_double[] = {
    1e0,  1e1,  1e2,  1e3,  1e4,  1e5,  1e6,  1e7,  1e8,  1e9,  1e10, 1e11,
    1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18, 1e19, 1e20, 1e21, 1e22};
-constexpr static float powers_of_ten_float[] = {1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5,
-                                                1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9, 1e10};
+constexpr static float powers_of_ten_float[] = {1e0f, 1e1f, 1e2f, 1e3f, 1e4f, 1e5f,
+                                                1e6f, 1e7f, 1e8f, 1e9f, 1e10f};
+// used for max_mantissa_double and max_mantissa_float
+constexpr uint64_t constant_55555 = 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5;
+// Largest integer value v so that (5**index * v) <= 1<<53.
+// 0x10000000000000 == 1 << 53
+constexpr static uint64_t max_mantissa_double[] = {
+      0x10000000000000,
+      0x10000000000000 / 5,
+      0x10000000000000 / (5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (5 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x10000000000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5)};
+  // Largest integer value v so that (5**index * v) <= 1<<24.
+  // 0x1000000 == 1<<24
+  constexpr static uint64_t max_mantissa_float[] = {
+      0x1000000,
+      0x1000000 / 5,
+      0x1000000 / (5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (5 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555),
+      0x1000000 / (constant_55555 * constant_55555 * 5)};

 template <typename T> struct binary_format {
+  using equiv_uint = typename std::conditional<sizeof(T) == 4, uint32_t, uint64_t>::type;
+
  static inline constexpr int mantissa_explicit_bits();
  static inline constexpr int minimum_exponent();
  static inline constexpr int infinite_power();
  static inline constexpr int sign_index();
-  static inline constexpr int min_exponent_fast_path();
+  static inline constexpr int min_exponent_fast_path(); // used when fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST
  static inline constexpr int max_exponent_fast_path();
  static inline constexpr int max_exponent_round_to_even();
  static inline constexpr int min_exponent_round_to_even();
-  static inline constexpr uint64_t max_mantissa_fast_path();
+  static inline constexpr uint64_t max_mantissa_fast_path(int64_t power);
+  static inline constexpr uint64_t max_mantissa_fast_path(); // used when fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST
  static inline constexpr int largest_power_of_ten();
  static inline constexpr int smallest_power_of_ten();
  static inline constexpr T exact_power_of_ten(int64_t power);
  static inline constexpr size_t max_digits();
+  static inline constexpr equiv_uint exponent_mask();
+  static inline constexpr equiv_uint mantissa_mask();
+  static inline constexpr equiv_uint hidden_bit_mask();
 };

+template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
+#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return -22;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
+#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return -10;
+#endif
+}
+
 template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::mantissa_explicit_bits() {
  return 52;
 }
@ -274,34 +380,30 @@ template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::infinite_power() {
 template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::sign_index() { return 63; }
 template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::sign_index() { return 31; }

-template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
-#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
-  return 0;
-#else
-  return -22;
-#endif
-}
-template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
-#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
-  return 0;
-#else
-  return -10;
-#endif
-}
-
 template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::max_exponent_fast_path() {
  return 22;
 }
 template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::max_exponent_fast_path() {
  return 10;
 }
-
 template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<double>::max_mantissa_fast_path() {
  return uint64_t(2) << mantissa_explicit_bits();
 }
+template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<double>::max_mantissa_fast_path(int64_t power) {
+  // caller is responsible to ensure that
+  // power >= 0 && power <= 22
+  //
+  return max_mantissa_double[power];
+}
 template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<float>::max_mantissa_fast_path() {
  return uint64_t(2) << mantissa_explicit_bits();
 }
+template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<float>::max_mantissa_fast_path(int64_t power) {
+  // caller is responsible to ensure that
+  // power >= 0 && power <= 10
+  //
+  return max_mantissa_float[power];
+}

 template <>
 inline constexpr double binary_format<double>::exact_power_of_ten(int64_t power) {
@ -339,24 +441,131 @@ template <> inline constexpr size_t binary_format<float>::max_digits() {
  return 114;
 }

+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<float>::exponent_mask() {
+  return 0x7F800000;
+}
+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<double>::exponent_mask() {
+  return 0x7FF0000000000000;
+}
+
+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<float>::mantissa_mask() {
+  return 0x007FFFFF;
+}
+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<double>::mantissa_mask() {
+  return 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF;
+}
+
+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<float>::hidden_bit_mask() {
+  return 0x00800000;
+}
+template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
+    binary_format<double>::hidden_bit_mask() {
+  return 0x0010000000000000;
+}
+
 template<typename T>
-fastfloat_really_inline void to_float(bool negative, adjusted_mantissa am, T &value) {
-  uint64_t word = am.mantissa;
-  word |= uint64_t(am.power2) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits();
-  word = negative
-  ? word | (uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::sign_index()) : word;
-#if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
-   if (std::is_same<T, float>::value) {
-     ::memcpy(&value, (char *)&word + 4, sizeof(T)); // extract value at offset 4-7 if float on big-endian
-   } else {
-     ::memcpy(&value, &word, sizeof(T));
-   }
+fastfloat_really_inline FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+void to_float(bool negative, adjusted_mantissa am, T &value) {
+  using uint = typename binary_format<T>::equiv_uint;
+  uint word = (uint)am.mantissa;
+  word |= uint(am.power2) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits();
+  word |= uint(negative) << binary_format<T>::sign_index();
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST
+  value = std::bit_cast<T>(word);
 #else
-   // For little-endian systems:
-   ::memcpy(&value, &word, sizeof(T));
+  ::memcpy(&value, &word, sizeof(T));
 #endif
 }

+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_SKIP_WHITE_SPACE // disabled by default
+template <typename = void>
+struct space_lut {
+  static constexpr bool value[] = {
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool space_lut<T>::value[];
+
+inline constexpr bool is_space(uint8_t c) { return space_lut<>::value[c]; }
+#endif
+
+template<typename UC>
+static constexpr uint64_t int_cmp_zeros()
+{
+    static_assert((sizeof(UC) == 1) || (sizeof(UC) == 2) || (sizeof(UC) == 4), "Unsupported character size");
+    return (sizeof(UC) == 1) ? 0x3030303030303030 : (sizeof(UC) == 2) ? (uint64_t(UC('0')) << 48 | uint64_t(UC('0')) << 32 | uint64_t(UC('0')) << 16 | UC('0')) : (uint64_t(UC('0')) << 32 | UC('0'));
+}
+template<typename UC>
+static constexpr int int_cmp_len()
+{
+    return sizeof(uint64_t) / sizeof(UC);
+}
+template<typename UC>
+static constexpr UC const * str_const_nan()
+{
+    return nullptr;
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char const * str_const_nan<char>()
+{
+    return "nan";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr wchar_t const * str_const_nan<wchar_t>()
+{
+    return L"nan";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char16_t const * str_const_nan<char16_t>()
+{
+    return u"nan";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char32_t const * str_const_nan<char32_t>()
+{
+    return U"nan";
+}
+template<typename UC>
+static constexpr UC const * str_const_inf()
+{
+    return nullptr;
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char const * str_const_inf<char>()
+{
+    return "infinity";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr wchar_t const * str_const_inf<wchar_t>()
+{
+    return L"infinity";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char16_t const * str_const_inf<char16_t>()
+{
+    return u"infinity";
+}
+template<>
+constexpr char32_t const * str_const_inf<char32_t>()
+{
+    return U"infinity";
+}
 } // namespace fast_float

 #endif
--- a/include/fast_float/parse_number.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/parse_number.h
@ -19,35 +19,41 @@ namespace detail {
 * The case comparisons could be made much faster given that we know that the
 * strings a null-free and fixed.
 **/
-template <typename T>
-from_chars_result parse_infnan(const char *first, const char *last, T &value)  noexcept  {
-  from_chars_result answer;
+template <typename T, typename UC>
+from_chars_result_t<UC> FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR14
+parse_infnan(UC const * first, UC const * last, T &value)  noexcept  {
+  from_chars_result_t<UC> answer{};
  answer.ptr = first;
  answer.ec = std::errc(); // be optimistic
  bool minusSign = false;
-  if (*first == '-') { // assume first < last, so dereference without checks; C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' here
+  if (*first == UC('-')) { // assume first < last, so dereference without checks; C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' here
      minusSign = true;
      ++first;
  }
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_ALLOWS_LEADING_PLUS // disabled by default
+  if (*first == UC('+')) {
+      ++first;
+  }
+#endif
  if (last - first >= 3) {
-    if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, "nan", 3)) {
+    if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, str_const_nan<UC>(), 3)) {
      answer.ptr = (first += 3);
      value = minusSign ? -std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN() : std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN();
      // Check for possible nan(n-char-seq-opt), C++17 20.19.3.7, C11 7.20.1.3.3. At least MSVC produces nan(ind) and nan(snan).
-      if(first != last && *first == '(') {
-        for(const char* ptr = first + 1; ptr != last; ++ptr) {
-          if (*ptr == ')') {
+      if(first != last && *first == UC('(')) {
+        for(UC const * ptr = first + 1; ptr != last; ++ptr) {
+          if (*ptr == UC(')')) {
            answer.ptr = ptr + 1; // valid nan(n-char-seq-opt)
            break;
          }
-          else if(!(('a' <= *ptr && *ptr <= 'z') || ('A' <= *ptr && *ptr <= 'Z') || ('0' <= *ptr && *ptr <= '9') || *ptr == '_'))
+          else if(!((UC('a') <= *ptr && *ptr <= UC('z')) || (UC('A') <= *ptr && *ptr <= UC('Z')) || (UC('0') <= *ptr && *ptr <= UC('9')) || *ptr == UC('_')))
            break; // forbidden char, not nan(n-char-seq-opt)
        }
      }
      return answer;
    }
-    if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, "inf", 3)) {
-      if ((last - first >= 8) && fastfloat_strncasecmp(first + 3, "inity", 5)) {
+    if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, str_const_inf<UC>(), 3)) {
+      if ((last - first >= 8) && fastfloat_strncasecmp(first + 3, str_const_inf<UC>() + 3, 5)) {
        answer.ptr = first + 8;
      } else {
        answer.ptr = first + 3;
@ -60,40 +66,146 @@ from_chars_result parse_infnan(const char *first, const char *last, T &value)  n
  return answer;
 }

-} // namespace detail
-
-template<typename T>
-from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last,
-                             T &value, chars_format fmt /*= chars_format::general*/)  noexcept  {
-  return from_chars_advanced(first, last, value, parse_options{fmt});
+/**
+ * Returns true if the floating-pointing rounding mode is to 'nearest'.
+ * It is the default on most system. This function is meant to be inexpensive.
+ * Credit : @mwalcott3
+ */
+fastfloat_really_inline bool rounds_to_nearest() noexcept {
+  // https://lemire.me/blog/2020/06/26/gcc-not-nearest/
+#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
+  return false;
+#endif
+  // See
+  // A fast function to check your floating-point rounding mode
+  // https://lemire.me/blog/2022/11/16/a-fast-function-to-check-your-floating-point-rounding-mode/
+  //
+  // This function is meant to be equivalent to :
+  // prior: #include <cfenv>
+  //  return fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST;
+  // However, it is expected to be much faster than the fegetround()
+  // function call.
+  //
+  // The volatile keywoard prevents the compiler from computing the function
+  // at compile-time.
+  // There might be other ways to prevent compile-time optimizations (e.g., asm).
+  // The value does not need to be std::numeric_limits<float>::min(), any small
+  // value so that 1 + x should round to 1 would do (after accounting for excess
+  // precision, as in 387 instructions).
+  static volatile float fmin = std::numeric_limits<float>::min();
+  float fmini = fmin; // we copy it so that it gets loaded at most once.
+  //
+  // Explanation:
+  // Only when fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST do we have that
+  // fmin + 1.0f == 1.0f - fmin.
+  //
+  // FE_UPWARD:
+  //  fmin + 1.0f > 1
+  //  1.0f - fmin == 1
+  //
+  // FE_DOWNWARD or  FE_TOWARDZERO:
+  //  fmin + 1.0f == 1
+  //  1.0f - fmin < 1
+  //
+  // Note: This may fail to be accurate if fast-math has been
+  // enabled, as rounding conventions may not apply.
+  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
+  #   pragma warning(push)
+  //  todo: is there a VS warning?
+  //  see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46079446/is-there-a-warning-for-floating-point-equality-checking-in-visual-studio-2013
+  #elif defined(__clang__)
+  #   pragma clang diagnostic push
+  #   pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+  #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+  #   pragma GCC diagnostic push
+  #   pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+  #endif
+  return (fmini + 1.0f == 1.0f - fmini);
+  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
+  #   pragma warning(pop)
+  #elif defined(__clang__)
+  #   pragma clang diagnostic pop
+  #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+  #   pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+  #endif
 }

-template<typename T>
-from_chars_result from_chars_advanced(const char *first, const char *last,
-                                      T &value, parse_options options)  noexcept  {
+} // namespace detail
+
+template<typename T, typename UC>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+from_chars_result_t<UC> from_chars(UC const * first, UC const * last,
+                             T &value, chars_format fmt /*= chars_format::general*/)  noexcept  {
+  return from_chars_advanced(first, last, value, parse_options_t<UC>{fmt});
+}
+
+template<typename T, typename UC>
+FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR20
+from_chars_result_t<UC> from_chars_advanced(UC const * first, UC const * last,
+                                      T &value, parse_options_t<UC> options)  noexcept  {

  static_assert (std::is_same<T, double>::value || std::is_same<T, float>::value, "only float and double are supported");
+  static_assert (std::is_same<UC, char>::value ||
+                 std::is_same<UC, wchar_t>::value ||
+                 std::is_same<UC, char16_t>::value ||
+                 std::is_same<UC, char32_t>::value , "only char, wchar_t, char16_t and char32_t are supported");

-
-  from_chars_result answer;
+  from_chars_result_t<UC> answer;
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_SKIP_WHITE_SPACE  // disabled by default
+  while ((first != last) && fast_float::is_space(uint8_t(*first))) {
+    first++;
+  }
+#endif
  if (first == last) {
    answer.ec = std::errc::invalid_argument;
    answer.ptr = first;
    return answer;
  }
-  parsed_number_string pns = parse_number_string(first, last, options);
+  parsed_number_string_t<UC> pns = parse_number_string<UC>(first, last, options);
  if (!pns.valid) {
    return detail::parse_infnan(first, last, value);
  }
  answer.ec = std::errc(); // be optimistic
  answer.ptr = pns.lastmatch;
-  // Next is Clinger's fast path.
-  if (binary_format<T>::min_exponent_fast_path() <= pns.exponent && pns.exponent <= binary_format<T>::max_exponent_fast_path() && pns.mantissa <=binary_format<T>::max_mantissa_fast_path() && !pns.too_many_digits) {
-    value = T(pns.mantissa);
-    if (pns.exponent < 0) { value = value / binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(-pns.exponent); }
-    else { value = value * binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(pns.exponent); }
-    if (pns.negative) { value = -value; }
-    return answer;
+  // The implementation of the Clinger's fast path is convoluted because
+  // we want round-to-nearest in all cases, irrespective of the rounding mode
+  // selected on the thread.
+  // We proceed optimistically, assuming that detail::rounds_to_nearest() returns
+  // true.
+  if (binary_format<T>::min_exponent_fast_path() <= pns.exponent && pns.exponent <= binary_format<T>::max_exponent_fast_path() && !pns.too_many_digits) {
+    // Unfortunately, the conventional Clinger's fast path is only possible
+    // when the system rounds to the nearest float.
+    //
+    // We expect the next branch to almost always be selected.
+    // We could check it first (before the previous branch), but
+    // there might be performance advantages at having the check
+    // be last.
+    if(!cpp20_and_in_constexpr() && detail::rounds_to_nearest())  {
+      // We have that fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST.
+      // Next is Clinger's fast path.
+      if (pns.mantissa <=binary_format<T>::max_mantissa_fast_path()) {
+        value = T(pns.mantissa);
+        if (pns.exponent < 0) { value = value / binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(-pns.exponent); }
+        else { value = value * binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(pns.exponent); }
+        if (pns.negative) { value = -value; }
+        return answer;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // We do not have that fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST.
+      // Next is a modified Clinger's fast path, inspired by Jakub Jelínek's proposal
+      if (pns.exponent >= 0 && pns.mantissa <=binary_format<T>::max_mantissa_fast_path(pns.exponent)) {
+#if defined(__clang__)
+        // Clang may map 0 to -0.0 when fegetround() == FE_DOWNWARD
+        if(pns.mantissa == 0) {
+          value = pns.negative ? -0. : 0.;
+          return answer;
+        }
+#endif
+        value = T(pns.mantissa) * binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(pns.exponent);
+        if (pns.negative) { value = -value; }
+        return answer;
+      }
+    }
  }
  adjusted_mantissa am = compute_float<binary_format<T>>(pns.exponent, pns.mantissa);
  if(pns.too_many_digits && am.power2 >= 0) {
@ -105,6 +217,10 @@ from_chars_result from_chars_advanced(const char *first, const char *last,
  // then we need to go the long way around again. This is very uncommon.
  if(am.power2 < 0) { am = digit_comp<T>(pns, am); }
  to_float(pns.negative, am, value);
+  // Test for over/underflow.
+  if ((pns.mantissa != 0 && am.mantissa == 0 && am.power2 == 0) || am.power2 == binary_format<T>::infinite_power()) {
+    answer.ec = std::errc::result_out_of_range;
+  }
  return answer;
 }

--- a/include/fast_float/simple_decimal_conversion.h
+++ b/include/fast_float/simple_decimal_conversion.h
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ inline uint64_t round(decimal &h) {
  }
  bool round_up = false;
  if (dp < h.num_digits) {
-    round_up = h.digits[dp] >= 5; // normally, we round up  
+    round_up = h.digits[dp] >= 5; // normally, we round up
    // but we may need to round to even!
    if ((h.digits[dp] == 5) && (dp + 1 == h.num_digits)) {
      round_up = h.truncated || ((dp > 0) && (1 & h.digits[dp - 1]));
@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ adjusted_mantissa compute_float(decimal &d) {
    return answer;
  } else if(d.decimal_point >= 310) {
    // We have something at least as large as 0.1e310 which is
-    // always infinite.  
+    // always infinite.
    answer.power2 = binary::infinite_power();
    answer.mantissa = 0;
    return answer;
--- a/script/amalgamate.py
+++ b/script/amalgamate.py
@ -3,54 +3,87 @@ processed_files = { }

 # authors
 for filename in ['AUTHORS', 'CONTRIBUTORS']:
-  with open(filename) as f:
+  with open(filename, encoding='utf8') as f:
    text = ''
    for line in f:
      if filename == 'AUTHORS':
        text += '// fast_float by ' + line
      if filename == 'CONTRIBUTORS':
        text += '// with contributions from ' + line
-    processed_files[filename] = text
+    processed_files[filename] = text + '//\n'

 # licenses
 for filename in ['LICENSE-MIT', 'LICENSE-APACHE']:
-  with open(filename) as f:
-    text = ''
-    for line in f:
-      text += '// ' + line
-    processed_files[filename] = text
+  lines = []
+  with open(filename, encoding='utf8') as f:
+    lines = f.readlines()
+
+  # Retrieve subset required for inclusion in source
+  if filename == 'LICENSE-APACHE':
+    lines = [
+      '   Copyright 2021 The fast_float authors\n',
+      *lines[179:-1]
+    ]
+
+  text = ''
+  for line in lines:
+    text += '//    ' + line.strip() + '\n'
+  processed_files[filename] = text

 # code
-for filename in [ 'fast_float.h', 'float_common.h', 'ascii_number.h', 
+for filename in [ 'constexpr_feature_detect.h', 'fast_float.h', 'float_common.h', 'ascii_number.h',
                  'fast_table.h', 'decimal_to_binary.h', 'bigint.h',
                  'ascii_number.h', 'digit_comparison.h', 'parse_number.h']:
-  with open('include/fast_float/' + filename) as f:
+  with open('include/fast_float/' + filename, encoding='utf8') as f:
    text = ''
    for line in f:
      if line.startswith('#include "'): continue
      text += line
-    processed_files[filename] = text
+    processed_files[filename] = '\n' + text

 # command line
 import argparse

 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Amalgamate fast_float.')
-parser.add_argument('--license', default='MIT', help='choose license')
+parser.add_argument('--license', default='DUAL', choices=['DUAL', 'MIT', 'APACHE'], help='choose license')
 parser.add_argument('--output', default='', help='output file (stdout if none')

 args = parser.parse_args()

-text = '\n\n'.join([
-  processed_files['AUTHORS'], processed_files['CONTRIBUTORS'], 
-  processed_files['LICENSE-' + args.license],
-  processed_files['fast_float.h'], processed_files['float_common.h'], 
+def license_content(license_arg):
+  result = []
+
+  if license_arg == 'DUAL':
+    result += [
+      '// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, or the\n',
+      '// MIT License at your option. This file may not be copied,\n',
+      '// modified, or distributed except according to those terms.\n',
+      '//\n'
+    ]
+
+  if license_arg in ('DUAL', 'MIT'):
+    result.append('// MIT License Notice\n//\n')
+    result.append(processed_files['LICENSE-MIT'])
+    result.append('//\n')
+  if license_arg in ('DUAL', 'APACHE'):
+    result.append('// Apache License (Version 2.0) Notice\n//\n')
+    result.append(processed_files['LICENSE-APACHE'])
+    result.append('//\n')
+
+  return result
+
+text = ''.join([
+  processed_files['AUTHORS'], processed_files['CONTRIBUTORS'],
+  *license_content(args.license),
+  processed_files['constexpr_feature_detect.h'],
+  processed_files['fast_float.h'], processed_files['float_common.h'],
  processed_files['ascii_number.h'], processed_files['fast_table.h'],
  processed_files['decimal_to_binary.h'], processed_files['bigint.h'],
  processed_files['ascii_number.h'], processed_files['digit_comparison.h'],
  processed_files['parse_number.h']])

 if args.output:
-  with open(args.output, 'wt') as f:
+  with open(args.output, 'wt', encoding='utf8') as f:
    f.write(text)
 else:
  print(text)
--- a/script/mushtak_lemire.py
+++ b/script/mushtak_lemire.py
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#
+# Reference :
+# Noble Mushtak and Daniel Lemire, Fast Number Parsing Without Fallback (to appear)
+#
+
+all_tqs = []
+
+# Generates all possible values of T[q]
+# Appendix B of  Number parsing at a gigabyte per second.
+# Software: Practice and Experience 2021;51(8):1700–1727.
+for q in range(-342, -27):
+    power5 = 5**-q
+    z = 0
+    while (1 << z) < power5:
+        z += 1
+    b = 2 * z + 2 * 64
+    c = 2**b // power5 + 1
+    while c >= (1 << 128):
+        c //= 2
+    all_tqs.append(c)
+for q in range(-27, 0):
+    power5 = 5**-q
+    z = 0
+    while (1 << z) < power5:
+        z += 1
+    b = z + 127
+    c = 2**b // power5 + 1
+    all_tqs.append(c)
+for q in range(0, 308 + 1):
+    power5 = 5**q
+    while power5 < (1 << 127):
+        power5 *= 2
+    while power5 >= (1 << 128):
+        power5 //= 2
+    all_tqs.append(power5)
+
+# Returns the continued fraction of numer/denom as a list [a0; a1, a2, ..., an]
+def continued_fraction(numer, denom):
+    # (look at page numbers in top-left, not PDF page numbers)
+    cf = []
+    while denom != 0:
+        quot, rem = divmod(numer, denom)
+        cf.append(quot)
+        numer, denom = denom, rem
+    return cf
+
+# Given a continued fraction [a0; a1, a2, ..., an], returns
+# all the convergents of that continued fraction
+# as pairs of the form (numer, denom), where numer/denom is
+# a convergent of the continued fraction in simple form.
+def convergents(cf):
+    p_n_minus_2 = 0
+    q_n_minus_2 = 1
+    p_n_minus_1 = 1
+    q_n_minus_1 = 0
+    convergents = []
+    for a_n in cf:
+        p_n = a_n * p_n_minus_1 + p_n_minus_2
+        q_n = a_n * q_n_minus_1 + q_n_minus_2
+        convergents.append((p_n, q_n))
+        p_n_minus_2, q_n_minus_2, p_n_minus_1, q_n_minus_1 = p_n_minus_1, q_n_minus_1, p_n, q_n
+    return convergents
+
+
+# Enumerate through all the convergents of T[q] / 2^137 with denominators < 2^64
+found_solution = False
+for j, tq in enumerate(all_tqs):
+    for _, w in convergents(continued_fraction(tq, 2**137)):
+        if w >= 2**64:
+            break
+            if (tq*w) % 2**137 > 2**137 - 2**64:
+                print(f"SOLUTION: q={j-342} T[q]={tq} w={w}")
+                found_solution = True
+if not found_solution:
+    print("No solutions!")
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ add_library(supplemental-data INTERFACE)
 target_compile_definitions(supplemental-data INTERFACE SUPPLEMENTAL_TEST_DATA_DIR="${supplemental_test_files_BINARY_DIR}/data")
 function(fast_float_add_cpp_test TEST_NAME)
    add_executable(${TEST_NAME} ${TEST_NAME}.cpp)
-    add_test(${TEST_NAME} ${TEST_NAME})
+    if(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+        set(ccemulator ${CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR})
+    endif()
+    add_test(NAME ${TEST_NAME}
+        COMMAND ${ccemulator} $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_NAME}>)
    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "MSVC")
      target_compile_options(${TEST_NAME} PUBLIC /EHsc)
    endif()
@ -52,10 +56,18 @@ function(fast_float_add_cpp_test TEST_NAME)
    endif()
 endfunction(fast_float_add_cpp_test)

-
+fast_float_add_cpp_test(rcppfastfloat_test)
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(example_test)
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(example_comma_test)
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(basictest)
+option(FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS "Require constexpr tests (build will fail if the compiler won't support it)" OFF)
+if (FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS)
+  target_compile_features(basictest PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+  target_compile_definitions(basictest PRIVATE FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS)
+else()
+  target_compile_features(basictest PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+endif()
+
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(long_test)
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(powersoffive_hardround)
 fast_float_add_cpp_test(string_test)
@ -77,3 +89,4 @@ if (FASTFLOAT_EXHAUSTIVE)
 endif(FASTFLOAT_EXHAUSTIVE)

 add_subdirectory(build_tests)
+add_subdirectory(bloat_analysis)
--- a/tests/basictest.cpp
+++ b/tests/basictest.cpp
@ -10,6 +10,18 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cfenv>
+
+#if FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR
+#ifndef FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS
+#define FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS 1
+#endif // #ifndef FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS
+#endif // FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR
+
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST
+#include <bit>
+#endif

 #ifndef SUPPLEMENTAL_TEST_DATA_DIR
 #define SUPPLEMENTAL_TEST_DATA_DIR "data/"
@ -42,6 +54,198 @@
 #define FASTFLOAT_ODDPLATFORM 1
 #endif

+
+#define iHexAndDec(v) std::hex << "0x" << (v) << " (" << std::dec << (v) << ")"
+#define fHexAndDec(v) std::hexfloat << (v) << " (" << std::defaultfloat << (v) << ")"
+
+
+const char * round_name(int d) {
+  switch(d) {
+    case FE_UPWARD:
+      return "FE_UPWARD";
+    case FE_DOWNWARD:
+      return "FE_DOWNWARD";
+    case FE_TOWARDZERO:
+      return "FE_TOWARDZERO";
+    case FE_TONEAREST:
+      return "FE_TONEAREST";
+    default:
+      return "UNKNOWN";
+  }
+}
+
+
+#define FASTFLOAT_STR(x)   #x
+#define SHOW_DEFINE(x) printf("%s='%s'\n", #x, FASTFLOAT_STR(x))
+
+TEST_CASE("system_info") {
+    std::cout << "system info:" << std::endl;
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS);
+
+#endif
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    SHOW_DEFINE(_MSC_VER);
+#endif
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB);
+#endif
+#ifdef __clang__
+    SHOW_DEFINE(__clang__);
+#endif
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO);
+#endif
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+    #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+      printf("big endian\n");
+    #else
+      printf("little endian\n");
+    #endif
+#endif
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_32BIT
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FASTFLOAT_32BIT);
+#endif
+#ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FASTFLOAT_64BIT);
+#endif
+#ifdef FLT_EVAL_METHOD
+    SHOW_DEFINE(FLT_EVAL_METHOD);
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    SHOW_DEFINE(_WIN32);
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    SHOW_DEFINE(_WIN64);
+#endif
+    std::cout << "fegetround() = " << round_name(fegetround()) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+
+}
+
+
+TEST_CASE("rounds_to_nearest") {
+  //
+  // If this function fails, we may be left in a non-standard rounding state.
+  //
+  static volatile float fmin = std::numeric_limits<float>::min();
+  fesetround(FE_UPWARD);
+  std::cout << "FE_UPWARD: fmin + 1.0f = " << iHexAndDec(fmin + 1.0f) << " 1.0f - fmin = " << iHexAndDec(1.0f - fmin) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(fegetround() == FE_UPWARD);
+  CHECK(fast_float::detail::rounds_to_nearest() == false);
+
+  fesetround(FE_DOWNWARD);
+  std::cout << "FE_DOWNWARD: fmin + 1.0f = " << iHexAndDec(fmin + 1.0f) << " 1.0f - fmin = " << iHexAndDec(1.0f - fmin) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(fegetround() == FE_DOWNWARD);
+  CHECK(fast_float::detail::rounds_to_nearest() == false);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TOWARDZERO);
+  std::cout << "FE_TOWARDZERO: fmin + 1.0f = " << iHexAndDec(fmin + 1.0f) << " 1.0f - fmin = " << iHexAndDec(1.0f - fmin) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(fegetround() == FE_TOWARDZERO);
+  CHECK(fast_float::detail::rounds_to_nearest() == false);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+  std::cout << "FE_TONEAREST: fmin + 1.0f = " << iHexAndDec(fmin + 1.0f) << " 1.0f - fmin = " << iHexAndDec(1.0f - fmin) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(fegetround() == FE_TONEAREST);
+#if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD == 1) || (FLT_EVAL_METHOD == 0)
+  CHECK(fast_float::detail::rounds_to_nearest() == true);
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("parse_zero") {
+  //
+  // If this function fails, we may be left in a non-standard rounding state.
+  //
+  const char * zero = "0";
+  uint64_t float64_parsed;
+  double f = 0;
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0);
+
+  fesetround(FE_UPWARD);
+  auto r1 = fast_float::from_chars(zero, zero + 1, f);
+  CHECK(r1.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_UPWARD parsed zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TOWARDZERO);
+  auto r2 = fast_float::from_chars(zero, zero + 1, f);
+  CHECK(r2.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_TOWARDZERO parsed zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0);
+
+  fesetround(FE_DOWNWARD);
+  auto r3 = fast_float::from_chars(zero, zero + 1, f);
+  CHECK(r3.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_DOWNWARD parsed zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+  auto r4 = fast_float::from_chars(zero, zero + 1, f);
+  CHECK(r4.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_TONEAREST parsed zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("parse_negative_zero") {
+  //
+  // If this function fails, we may be left in a non-standard rounding state.
+  //
+  const char * negative_zero = "-0";
+  uint64_t float64_parsed;
+  double f = -0.;
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0x8000'0000'0000'0000);
+
+  fesetround(FE_UPWARD);
+  auto r1 = fast_float::from_chars(negative_zero, negative_zero + 2, f);
+  CHECK(r1.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_UPWARD parsed negative zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0x8000'0000'0000'0000);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TOWARDZERO);
+  auto r2 = fast_float::from_chars(negative_zero, negative_zero + 2, f);
+  CHECK(r2.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_TOWARDZERO parsed negative zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0x8000'0000'0000'0000);
+
+  fesetround(FE_DOWNWARD);
+  auto r3 = fast_float::from_chars(negative_zero, negative_zero + 2, f);
+  CHECK(r3.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_DOWNWARD parsed negative zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0x8000'0000'0000'0000);
+
+  fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+  auto r4 = fast_float::from_chars(negative_zero, negative_zero + 2, f);
+  CHECK(r4.ec == std::errc());
+  std::cout << "FE_TONEAREST parsed negative zero as " << iHexAndDec(f) << std::endl;
+  CHECK(f == 0);
+  ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &f, sizeof(f));
+  std::cout << "double as uint64_t is " << float64_parsed << std::endl;
+  CHECK(float64_parsed == 0x8000'0000'0000'0000);
+}
+
 // C++ 17 because it is otherwise annoying to browse all files in a directory.
 // We also only run these tests on little endian systems.
 #if (FASTFLOAT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L) && (FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 0) && !defined(FASTFLOAT_ODDPLATFORM)
@ -50,59 +254,77 @@
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <charconv>

-// return true on succcess
+
+
+// return true on success
 bool check_file(std::string file_name) {
  std::cout << "Checking " << file_name << std::endl;
-  size_t number{0};
-  std::fstream newfile(file_name, std::ios::in);
-  if (newfile.is_open()) {
-    std::string str;
-    while (std::getline(newfile, str)) {
-      if (str.size() > 0) {
-        // Read 32-bit hex
-        uint32_t float32;
-        auto r32 = std::from_chars(str.data() + 5, str.data() + str.size(),
+  // We check all rounding directions, for each file.
+  std::vector<int> directions = {FE_UPWARD, FE_DOWNWARD, FE_TOWARDZERO, FE_TONEAREST};
+  for (int d : directions) {
+    std::cout << "fesetround to " << round_name(d) << std::endl;
+    fesetround(d);
+    size_t number{0};
+    std::fstream newfile(file_name, std::ios::in);
+    if (newfile.is_open()) {
+      std::string str;
+      while (std::getline(newfile, str)) {
+        if (str.size() > 0) {
+          // Read 32-bit hex
+          uint32_t float32;
+          auto r32 = std::from_chars(str.data() + 5, str.data() + str.size(),
                                   float32, 16);
-        if(r32.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "32-bit parsing failure\n"; return false; }
-        // Read 64-bit hex
-        uint64_t float64;
-        auto r64 = std::from_chars(str.data() + 14, str.data() + str.size(),
+          if(r32.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "32-bit parsing failure\n"; return false; }
+          // Read 64-bit hex
+          uint64_t float64;
+          auto r64 = std::from_chars(str.data() + 14, str.data() + str.size(),
                                   float64, 16);
-        if(r64.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "64-bit parsing failure\n"; return false; }
-        // The string to parse:
-        const char *number_string = str.data() + 31;
-        const char *end_of_string = str.data() + str.size();
-        // Parse as 32-bit float
-        float parsed_32;
-        auto fast_float_r32 = fast_float::from_chars(number_string, end_of_string, parsed_32);
-        if(fast_float_r32.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "parsing failure\n"; return false; }
-        // Parse as 64-bit float
-        double parsed_64;
-        auto fast_float_r64 = fast_float::from_chars(number_string, end_of_string, parsed_64);
-        if(fast_float_r64.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "parsing failure\n"; return false; }
-        // Convert the floats to unsigned ints.
-        uint32_t float32_parsed;
-        uint64_t float64_parsed;
-        ::memcpy(&float32_parsed, &parsed_32, sizeof(parsed_32));
-        ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &parsed_64, sizeof(parsed_64));
-        // Compare with expected results
-        if (float32_parsed != float32) {
-          std::cout << "bad 32 " << str << std::endl;
-          return false;
+          if(r64.ec != std::errc()) { std::cerr << "64-bit parsing failure\n"; return false; }
+          // The string to parse:
+          const char *number_string = str.data() + 31;
+          const char *end_of_string = str.data() + str.size();
+          // Parse as 32-bit float
+          float parsed_32;
+          auto fast_float_r32 = fast_float::from_chars(number_string, end_of_string, parsed_32);
+          if(fast_float_r32.ec != std::errc() && fast_float_r32.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {std::cerr << "32-bit fast_float parsing failure for: " + str + "\n"; return false; }
+          // Parse as 64-bit float
+          double parsed_64;
+          auto fast_float_r64 = fast_float::from_chars(number_string, end_of_string, parsed_64);
+          if(fast_float_r64.ec != std::errc() && fast_float_r32.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) { std::cerr << "64-bit fast_float parsing failure: " + str + "\n"; return false; }
+          // Convert the floats to unsigned ints.
+          uint32_t float32_parsed;
+          uint64_t float64_parsed;
+          ::memcpy(&float32_parsed, &parsed_32, sizeof(parsed_32));
+          ::memcpy(&float64_parsed, &parsed_64, sizeof(parsed_64));
+          // Compare with expected results
+          if (float32_parsed != float32) {
+            std::cout << "bad 32 " << str << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "parsed as " << iHexAndDec(parsed_32) << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "as  raw uint32_t, parsed = " << float32_parsed << ", expected = " << float32 << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "fesetround: " << round_name(d) << std::endl;
+            fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+            return false;
+          }
+          if (float64_parsed != float64) {
+            std::cout << "bad 64 " << str << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "parsed as " << iHexAndDec(parsed_64) << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "as raw uint64_t, parsed = " << float64_parsed << ", expected = " << float64 << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "fesetround: " << round_name(d) << std::endl;
+            fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+            return false;
+          }
+          number++;
        }
-        if (float64_parsed != float64) {
-          std::cout << "bad 64 " << str << std::endl;
-          return false;
-        }
-        number++;
      }
+      std::cout << "checked " << std::defaultfloat << number << " values" << std::endl;
+      newfile.close(); // close the file object
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "Could not read  " << file_name << std::endl;
+      fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
+      return false;
    }
-    std::cout << "checked " << std::defaultfloat << number << " values" << std::endl;
-    newfile.close(); // close the file object
-  } else {
-    std::cout << "Could not read  " << file_name << std::endl;
-    return false;
  }
+  fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);
  return true;
 }

@ -125,9 +347,6 @@ TEST_CASE("leading_zeroes") {
  CHECK(fast_float::leading_zeroes(bit << 63) ==  0);
 }

-#define iHexAndDec(v) std::hex << "0x" << (v) << " (" << std::dec << (v) << ")"
-#define fHexAndDec(v) std::hexfloat << (v) << " (" << std::defaultfloat << (v) << ")"
-
 void test_full_multiplication(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs, uint64_t expected_lo, uint64_t expected_hi) {
  fast_float::value128 v;
  v = fast_float::full_multiplication(lhs, rhs);
@ -224,6 +443,33 @@ TEST_CASE("decimal_point_parsing") {
  }
 }

+TEST_CASE("issue19") {
+  const std::string input =   "234532.3426362,7869234.9823,324562.645";
+  double result;
+  auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ec == std::errc(), "We want to parse up to 234532.3426362\n");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ptr == input.data() + 14,
+                "Parsed the number " << result
+                << " and stopped at the wrong character: after " << (answer.ptr - input.data()) << " characters");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(result == 234532.3426362, "We want to parse234532.3426362\n");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ptr[0] == ',', "We want to parse up to the comma\n");
+
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ec == std::errc(), "We want to parse 7869234.9823\n");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ptr == input.data() + 27,
+                "Parsed the number " << result
+                << " and stopped at the wrong character " << (answer.ptr - input.data()));
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ptr[0] == ',', "We want to parse up to the comma\n");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(result == 7869234.9823, "We want to parse up 7869234.9823\n");
+
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ec == std::errc(), "We want to parse 324562.645\n");
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(answer.ptr == input.data() + 38,
+                "Parsed the number " << result
+                << " and stopped at the wrong character " << (answer.ptr - input.data()));
+  CHECK_MESSAGE(result == 324562.645, "We want to parse up 7869234.9823\n");
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("issue19") {
  const std::string input =  "3.14e";
  double result;
@ -263,6 +509,9 @@ TEST_CASE("test_fixed_only") {


 static const double testing_power_of_ten[] = {
+      1e-323, 1e-322, 1e-321, 1e-320, 1e-319, 1e-318, 1e-317, 1e-316, 1e-315,
+      1e-314, 1e-313, 1e-312, 1e-311, 1e-310, 1e-309, 1e-308,
+
      1e-307, 1e-306, 1e-305, 1e-304, 1e-303, 1e-302, 1e-301, 1e-300, 1e-299,
      1e-298, 1e-297, 1e-296, 1e-295, 1e-294, 1e-293, 1e-292, 1e-291, 1e-290,
      1e-289, 1e-288, 1e-287, 1e-286, 1e-285, 1e-284, 1e-283, 1e-282, 1e-281,
@ -346,8 +595,9 @@ TEST_CASE("powers_of_ten") {
      REQUIRE(n < sizeof(buf)); // if false, fails the test and exits
      double actual;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buf, buf + 1000, actual);
-      CHECK_MESSAGE(result.ec == std::errc(), " I could not parse " << buf);
-      double expected = ((i >= -307) ? testing_power_of_ten[i + 307] : std::pow(10, i));
+      double expected = ((i >= -323) ? testing_power_of_ten[i + 323] : std::pow(10, i));
+      auto expected_ec = (i < -323 || i > 308) ? std::errc::result_out_of_range : std::errc();
+      CHECK_MESSAGE(result.ec == expected_ec, " I could not parse " << buf);
      CHECK_MESSAGE(actual == expected, "String '" << buf << "'parsed to " << actual);
    }
 }
@ -388,52 +638,172 @@ std::string append_zeros(std::string str, size_t number_of_zeros) {
  return answer;
 }

-template<class T>
-void check_basic_test_result(const std::string& str, fast_float::from_chars_result result,
-                             T actual, T expected) {
-  INFO("str=" << str << "\n"
-       << "  expected=" << fHexAndDec(expected) << "\n"
-       << "  ..actual=" << fHexAndDec(actual) << "\n"
-       << "  expected mantissa=" << iHexAndDec(get_mantissa(expected)) << "\n"
-       << "  ..actual mantissa=" << iHexAndDec(get_mantissa(actual)));
-  CHECK_EQ(result.ec, std::errc());
-  CHECK_EQ(result.ptr, str.data() + str.size());
-  CHECK_EQ(copysign(1, actual), copysign(1, expected));
-  CHECK_EQ(std::isnan(actual), std::isnan(expected));
-  CHECK_EQ(actual, expected);
+namespace {
+
+enum class Diag { runtime, comptime };
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+template <Diag diag, class T, typename result_type, typename stringtype>
+constexpr void check_basic_test_result(stringtype str,
+                                       result_type result,
+                                       T actual, T expected, std::errc expected_ec) {
+  if constexpr (diag == Diag::runtime) {
+      INFO(
+          "str=" << str << "\n"
+                 << "  expected=" << fHexAndDec(expected) << "\n"
+                 << "  ..actual=" << fHexAndDec(actual) << "\n"
+                 << "  expected mantissa=" << iHexAndDec(get_mantissa(expected))
+                 << "\n"
+                 << "  ..actual mantissa=" << iHexAndDec(get_mantissa(actual)));
+  }
+
+  struct ComptimeDiag {
+      // Purposely not constexpr
+      static void error_not_equal() {}
+  };
+
+#define FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(...)                                                \
+  if constexpr (diag == Diag::runtime) {                                       \
+    CHECK_EQ(__VA_ARGS__);                                                     \
+  } else {                                                                     \
+    if ([](const auto &lhs, const auto &rhs) {                                 \
+          return lhs != rhs;                                                   \
+        }(__VA_ARGS__)) {                                                      \
+      ComptimeDiag::error_not_equal();                                         \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }
+
+  auto copysign = [](double x, double y) -> double {
+#if FASTFLOAT_HAS_BIT_CAST
+    if (fast_float::cpp20_and_in_constexpr()) {
+      using equiv_int = std::make_signed_t<
+          typename fast_float::binary_format<double>::equiv_uint>;
+      const auto i = std::bit_cast<equiv_int>(y);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        return -x;
+      }
+      return x;
+    }
+#endif
+    return std::copysign(x, y);
+  };
+
+  auto isnan = [](double x) -> bool {
+    return x != x;
+  };
+
+  FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(result.ec, expected_ec);
+  FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(result.ptr, str.data() + str.size());
+  FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(copysign(1, actual), copysign(1, expected));
+  FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(isnan(actual), isnan(expected));
+  FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ(actual, expected);
+
+#undef FASTFLOAT_CHECK_EQ
 }

-template<class T>
-void basic_test(std::string str, T expected) {
+// We give plenty of memory: 2048 characters.
+const size_t global_string_capacity = 2048;
+std::u16string u16(global_string_capacity, '\0');
+std::u32string u32(global_string_capacity, '\0');
+
+template<Diag diag, class T>
+constexpr void basic_test(std::string_view str, T expected, std::errc expected_ec = std::errc()) {
  T actual;
  auto result = fast_float::from_chars(str.data(), str.data() + str.size(), actual);
-  check_basic_test_result(str, result, actual, expected);
+  check_basic_test_result<diag>(str, result, actual, expected, expected_ec);
+  if(str.size() > global_string_capacity) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
+    u16[i] = char16_t(str[i]);
+  }
+  auto result16 = fast_float::from_chars(u16.data(), u16.data() + str.size(), actual);
+  check_basic_test_result<diag>(std::u16string_view(u16.data(), str.size()), result16, actual, expected, expected_ec);
+
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
+    u32[i] = char32_t(str[i]);
+  }
+  auto result32 = fast_float::from_chars(u32.data(), u32.data() + str.size(), actual);
+  check_basic_test_result<diag>(std::u32string_view(u32.data(), str.size()), result32, actual, expected, expected_ec);
 }

-template<class T>
-void basic_test(std::string str, T expected, fast_float::parse_options options) {
+template<Diag diag, class T>
+constexpr void basic_test(std::string_view str, T expected, fast_float::parse_options options) {
  T actual;
  auto result = fast_float::from_chars_advanced(str.data(), str.data() + str.size(), actual, options);
-  check_basic_test_result(str, result, actual, expected);
+  check_basic_test_result<diag>(str, result, actual, expected, std::errc());
+}
+
+template<Diag diag, class T>
+constexpr void basic_test(std::string_view str, T expected, std::errc expected_ec, fast_float::parse_options options) {
+  T actual;
+  auto result = fast_float::from_chars_advanced(str.data(), str.data() + str.size(), actual, options);
+  check_basic_test_result<diag>(str, result, actual, expected, expected_ec);
 }

 void basic_test(float val) {
  {
      std::string long_vals = to_long_string(val);
      INFO("long vals: " << long_vals);
-      basic_test<float>(long_vals, val);
+      basic_test<Diag::runtime, float>(long_vals, val);
  }
  {
      std::string vals = to_string(val);
      INFO("vals: " << vals);
-      basic_test<float>(vals, val);
+      basic_test<Diag::runtime, float>(vals, val);
  }
 }

-#define verify(lhs, rhs) { INFO(lhs); basic_test(lhs, rhs); }
-#define verify32(val) { INFO(#val); basic_test(val); }
+#define verify_runtime(...)                                                    \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    basic_test<Diag::runtime>(__VA_ARGS__);                                    \
+  } while (false)

-#define verify_options(lhs, rhs) { INFO(lhs); basic_test(lhs, rhs, options); }
+#define verify_comptime(...)                                                   \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    constexpr int verify_comptime_var =                                        \
+        (basic_test<Diag::comptime>(__VA_ARGS__), 0);                          \
+    (void)verify_comptime_var;                                                 \
+  } while (false)
+
+#define verify_options_runtime(...)                                            \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    basic_test<Diag::runtime>(__VA_ARGS__, options);                           \
+  } while (false)
+
+#define verify_options_comptime(...)                                           \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    constexpr int verify_options_comptime_var =                                \
+        (basic_test<Diag::comptime>(__VA_ARGS__, options), 0);                 \
+    (void)verify_options_comptime_var;                                         \
+  } while (false)
+
+#if defined(FASTFLOAT_CONSTEXPR_TESTS)
+#if !FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR
+#error "from_chars must be constexpr for constexpr tests"
+#endif
+
+#define verify(...)                                                            \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    verify_runtime(__VA_ARGS__);                                               \
+    verify_comptime(__VA_ARGS__);                                              \
+  } while (false)
+
+#define verify_options(...)                                                    \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    verify_options_runtime(__VA_ARGS__);                                       \
+    verify_options_comptime(__VA_ARGS__);                                      \
+  } while (false)
+
+#else
+#define verify verify_runtime
+#define verify_options verify_options_runtime
+#endif
+
+#define verify32(val) { INFO(#val); basic_test(val); }

 TEST_CASE("64bit.inf") {
  verify("INF", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
@ -444,20 +814,23 @@ TEST_CASE("64bit.inf") {
  verify("-infinity", -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
  verify("inf", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
  verify("-inf", -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("1234456789012345678901234567890e9999999999999999999999999999", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("-2139879401095466344511101915470454744.9813888656856943E+272", -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("1.8e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("1.832312213213213232132132143451234453123412321321312e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("2e30000000000000000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify("1.9e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  verify("1234456789012345678901234567890e9999999999999999999999999999", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("-2139879401095466344511101915470454744.9813888656856943E+272", -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("1.8e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("1.832312213213213232132132143451234453123412321321312e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("2e30000000000000000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("1.9e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
 }

 TEST_CASE("64bit.general") {
+  verify("22250738585072012e-324",0x1p-1022); /* limit between normal and subnormal*/
+  verify("-22250738585072012e-324",-0x1p-1022); /* limit between normal and subnormal*/
+  verify("-1e-999", -0.0, std::errc::result_out_of_range);
  verify("-2.2222222222223e-322",-0x1.68p-1069);
  verify("9007199254740993.0", 0x1p+53);
  verify("860228122.6654514319E+90", 0x1.92bb20990715fp+328);
-  verify(append_zeros("9007199254740993.0",1000), 0x1p+53);
+  verify_runtime(append_zeros("9007199254740993.0",1000), 0x1p+53);
  verify("10000000000000000000", 0x1.158e460913dp+63);
  verify("10000000000000000000000000000001000000000000", 0x1.cb2d6f618c879p+142);
  verify("10000000000000000000000000000000000000000001", 0x1.cb2d6f618c879p+142);
@ -509,26 +882,29 @@ TEST_CASE("64bit.general") {
  verify("45035996.273704985", 45035996.273704985);
  verify("0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000044501477170144022721148195934182639518696390927032912960468522194496444440421538910330590478162701758282983178260792422137401728773891892910553144148156412434867599762821265346585071045737627442980259622449029037796981144446145705102663115100318287949527959668236039986479250965780342141637013812613333119898765515451440315261253813266652951306000184917766328660755595837392240989947807556594098101021612198814605258742579179000071675999344145086087205681577915435923018910334964869420614052182892431445797605163650903606514140377217442262561590244668525767372446430075513332450079650686719491377688478005309963967709758965844137894433796621993967316936280457084866613206797017728916080020698679408551343728867675409720757232455434770912461317493580281734466552734375", 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000044501477170144022721148195934182639518696390927032912960468522194496444440421538910330590478162701758282983178260792422137401728773891892910553144148156412434867599762821265346585071045737627442980259622449029037796981144446145705102663115100318287949527959668236039986479250965780342141637013812613333119898765515451440315261253813266652951306000184917766328660755595837392240989947807556594098101021612198814605258742579179000071675999344145086087205681577915435923018910334964869420614052182892431445797605163650903606514140377217442262561590244668525767372446430075513332450079650686719491377688478005309963967709758965844137894433796621993967316936280457084866613206797017728916080020698679408551343728867675409720757232455434770912461317493580281734466552734375);
  verify("0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022250738585072008890245868760858598876504231122409594654935248025624400092282356951787758888037591552642309780950434312085877387158357291821993020294379224223559819827501242041788969571311791082261043971979604000454897391938079198936081525613113376149842043271751033627391549782731594143828136275113838604094249464942286316695429105080201815926642134996606517803095075913058719846423906068637102005108723282784678843631944515866135041223479014792369585208321597621066375401613736583044193603714778355306682834535634005074073040135602968046375918583163124224521599262546494300836851861719422417646455137135420132217031370496583210154654068035397417906022589503023501937519773030945763173210852507299305089761582519159720757232455434770912461317493580281734466552734375", 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022250738585072008890245868760858598876504231122409594654935248025624400092282356951787758888037591552642309780950434312085877387158357291821993020294379224223559819827501242041788969571311791082261043971979604000454897391938079198936081525613113376149842043271751033627391549782731594143828136275113838604094249464942286316695429105080201815926642134996606517803095075913058719846423906068637102005108723282784678843631944515866135041223479014792369585208321597621066375401613736583044193603714778355306682834535634005074073040135602968046375918583163124224521599262546494300836851861719422417646455137135420132217031370496583210154654068035397417906022589503023501937519773030945763173210852507299305089761582519159720757232455434770912461317493580281734466552734375);
-  verify("1438456663141390273526118207642235581183227845246331231162636653790368152091394196930365828634687637948157940776599182791387527135353034738357134110310609455693900824193549772792016543182680519740580354365467985440183598701312257624545562331397018329928613196125590274187720073914818062530830316533158098624984118889298281371812288789537310599037529113415438738954894752124724983067241108764488346454376699018673078404751121414804937224240805993123816932326223683090770561597570457793932985826162604255884529134126396282202126526253389383421806727954588525596114379801269094096329805054803089299736996870951258573010877404407451953846698609198213926882692078557033228265259305481198526059813164469187586693257335779522020407645498684263339921905227556616698129967412891282231685504660671277927198290009824680186319750978665734576683784255802269708917361719466043175201158849097881370477111850171579869056016061666173029059588433776015644439705050377554277696143928278093453792803846252715966016733222646442382892123940052441346822429721593884378212558701004356924243030059517489346646577724622498919752597382095222500311124181823512251071356181769376577651390028297796156208815375089159128394945710515861334486267101797497111125909272505194792870889617179758703442608016143343262159998149700606597792535574457560429226974273443630323818747730771316763398572110874959981923732463076884528677392654150010269822239401993427482376513231389212353583573566376915572650916866553612366187378959554983566712767093372906030188976220169058025354973622211666504549316958271880975697143546564469806791358707318873075708383345004090151974068325838177531266954177406661392229801349994695941509935655355652985723782153570084089560139142231.738475042362596875449154552392299548947138162081694168675340677843807613129780449323363759027012972466987370921816813162658754726545121090545507240267000456594786540949605260722461937870630634874991729398208026467698131898691830012167897399682179601734569071423681e-733", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  verify("1438456663141390273526118207642235581183227845246331231162636653790368152091394196930365828634687637948157940776599182791387527135353034738357134110310609455693900824193549772792016543182680519740580354365467985440183598701312257624545562331397018329928613196125590274187720073914818062530830316533158098624984118889298281371812288789537310599037529113415438738954894752124724983067241108764488346454376699018673078404751121414804937224240805993123816932326223683090770561597570457793932985826162604255884529134126396282202126526253389383421806727954588525596114379801269094096329805054803089299736996870951258573010877404407451953846698609198213926882692078557033228265259305481198526059813164469187586693257335779522020407645498684263339921905227556616698129967412891282231685504660671277927198290009824680186319750978665734576683784255802269708917361719466043175201158849097881370477111850171579869056016061666173029059588433776015644439705050377554277696143928278093453792803846252715966016733222646442382892123940052441346822429721593884378212558701004356924243030059517489346646577724622498919752597382095222500311124181823512251071356181769376577651390028297796156208815375089159128394945710515861334486267101797497111125909272505194792870889617179758703442608016143343262159998149700606597792535574457560429226974273443630323818747730771316763398572110874959981923732463076884528677392654150010269822239401993427482376513231389212353583573566376915572650916866553612366187378959554983566712767093372906030188976220169058025354973622211666504549316958271880975697143546564469806791358707318873075708383345004090151974068325838177531266954177406661392229801349994695941509935655355652985723782153570084089560139142231.738475042362596875449154552392299548947138162081694168675340677843807613129780449323363759027012972466987370921816813162658754726545121090545507240267000456594786540949605260722461937870630634874991729398208026467698131898691830012167897399682179601734569071423681e-733", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
  verify("-2240084132271013504.131248280843119943687942846658579428", -0x1.f1660a65b00bfp+60);
 }

 TEST_CASE("64bit.decimal_point") {
-  fast_float::parse_options options{};
-  options.decimal_point = ',';
+  constexpr auto options = []{
+    fast_float::parse_options ret{};
+    ret.decimal_point = ',';
+    return ret;
+  }();

  // infinities
-  verify_options("1,8e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify_options("1,832312213213213232132132143451234453123412321321312e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify_options("2e30000000000000000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify_options("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-  verify_options("1,9e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  verify_options("1,8e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify_options("1,832312213213213232132132143451234453123412321321312e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify_options("2e30000000000000000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify_options("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify_options("1,9e308", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);

  // finites
  verify_options("-2,2222222222223e-322",-0x1.68p-1069);
  verify_options("9007199254740993,0", 0x1p+53);
  verify_options("860228122,6654514319E+90", 0x1.92bb20990715fp+328);
-  verify_options(append_zeros("9007199254740993,0",1000), 0x1p+53);
+  verify_options_runtime(append_zeros("9007199254740993,0",1000), 0x1p+53);
  verify_options("1,1920928955078125e-07", 1.1920928955078125e-07);
  verify_options("9355950000000000000,00000000000000000000000000000000001844674407370955161600000184467440737095516161844674407370955161407370955161618446744073709551616000184467440737095516166000001844674407370955161618446744073709551614073709551616184467440737095516160001844674407370955161601844674407370955674451616184467440737095516140737095516161844674407370955161600018446744073709551616018446744073709551611616000184467440737095001844674407370955161600184467440737095516160018446744073709551168164467440737095516160001844073709551616018446744073709551616184467440737095516160001844674407536910751601611616000184467440737095001844674407370955161600184467440737095516160018446744073709551616184467440737095516160001844955161618446744073709551616000184467440753691075160018446744073709",0x1.03ae05e8fca1cp+63);
  verify_options("2,22507385850720212418870147920222032907240528279439037814303133837435107319244194686754406432563881851382188218502438069999947733013005649884107791928741341929297200970481951993067993290969042784064731682041565926728632933630474670123316852983422152744517260835859654566319282835244787787799894310779783833699159288594555213714181128458251145584319223079897504395086859412457230891738946169368372321191373658977977723286698840356390251044443035457396733706583981055420456693824658413747607155981176573877626747665912387199931904006317334709003012790188175203447190250028061277777916798391090578584006464715943810511489154282775041174682194133952466682503431306181587829379004205392375072083366693241580002758391118854188641513168478436313080237596295773983001708984375e-308", 0x1.0000000000002p-1022);
@ -582,24 +958,25 @@ TEST_CASE("32bit.inf") {
  verify("-infinity", -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
  verify("inf", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
  verify("-inf", -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
-  verify("1234456789012345678901234567890e9999999999999999999999999999", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
-  verify("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
-  verify("3.5028234666e38", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
+  verify("1234456789012345678901234567890e9999999999999999999999999999", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("2e3000", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
+  verify("3.5028234666e38", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);
 }

 TEST_CASE("32bit.general") {
+  verify("-1e-999", -0.0f, std::errc::result_out_of_range);
  verify("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125", 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
  verify("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125e-38", 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
-  verify(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
-  verify(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
-  verify(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_runtime(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_runtime(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_runtime(append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
  std::string test_string;
  test_string = append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  test_string = append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  test_string = append_zeros("1.1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  verify32(1.00000006e+09f);
  verify32(1.4012984643e-45f);
  verify32(1.1754942107e-38f);
@ -653,7 +1030,7 @@ TEST_CASE("32bit.general") {
  verify("3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679", 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679f);
  verify("2.3509887016445750159374730744444913556373311135441750430175034126e-38", 2.3509887016445750159374730744444913556373311135441750430175034126e-38f);
  verify("1", 1.f);
-  verify("7.0060e-46", 0.f);
+  verify("7.0060e-46", 0.f, std::errc::result_out_of_range);
  verify("3.4028234664e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
  verify("3.4028234665e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
  verify("3.4028234666e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
@ -664,25 +1041,28 @@ TEST_CASE("32bit.general") {
 }

 TEST_CASE("32bit.decimal_point") {
-  fast_float::parse_options options{};
-  options.decimal_point = ',';
+  constexpr auto options = [] {
+    fast_float::parse_options ret{};
+    ret.decimal_point = ',';
+    return ret;
+  }();

  // infinity
-  verify_options("3,5028234666e38", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
+  verify_options("3,5028234666e38", std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity(), std::errc::result_out_of_range);

  // finites
  verify_options("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125", 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
  verify_options("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125e-38", 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
-  verify_options(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
-  verify_options(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
-  verify_options(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_options_runtime(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_options_runtime(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
+  verify_options_runtime(append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000), 0x1.2ced3p+0f);
  std::string test_string;
  test_string = append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",655) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify_options(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_options_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  test_string = append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",656) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify_options(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_options_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  test_string = append_zeros("1,1754941406275178592461758986628081843312458647327962400313859427181746759860647699724722770042717456817626953125",1000) + std::string("e-38");
-  verify_options(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
+  verify_options_runtime(test_string, 0x1.fffff8p-127f);
  verify_options("1,1754943508e-38", 1.1754943508e-38f);
  verify_options("30219,0830078125", 30219.0830078125f);
  verify_options("1,1754947011469036e-38", 0x1.000006p-126f);
@ -693,7 +1073,7 @@ TEST_CASE("32bit.decimal_point") {
  verify_options("3,1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679", 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679f);
  verify_options("2,3509887016445750159374730744444913556373311135441750430175034126e-38", 2.3509887016445750159374730744444913556373311135441750430175034126e-38f);
  verify_options("1", 1.f);
-  verify_options("7,0060e-46", 0.f);
+  verify_options("7,0060e-46", 0.f, std::errc::result_out_of_range);
  verify_options("3,4028234664e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
  verify_options("3,4028234665e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
  verify_options("3,4028234666e38", 0x1.fffffep+127f);
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/CMakeLists.txt
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+add_executable(bloaty main.cpp a1.cpp a2.cpp a3.cpp a4.cpp a4.cpp a5.cpp a6.cpp a7.cpp a8.cpp a9.cpp a10.cpp)
+target_link_libraries(bloaty PUBLIC fast_float)
+
+add_executable(bloatyref main_ref.cpp)
+target_link_libraries(bloatyref PUBLIC fast_float)
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a1.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a1.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get1(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 1; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a10.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a10.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get10(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 10; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a2.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a2.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get2(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 2; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a3.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a3.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get3(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 3; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a4.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a4.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get4(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 4; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a5.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a5.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get5(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 5; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a6.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a6.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get6(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 6; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a7.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a7.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get7(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 7; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a8.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a8.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get8(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 8; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/a9.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/a9.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+
+double get9(const char* input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 9; }
+    return result_value;
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/main.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+
+double get1(const char* input);
+double get2(const char* input);
+double get3(const char* input);
+double get4(const char* input);
+double get5(const char* input);
+double get6(const char* input);
+double get7(const char* input);
+double get8(const char* input);
+double get9(const char* input);
+double get10(const char* input);
+
+int main(int arg, char** argv) {
+    double x = get1(argv[0]) + get2(argv[0]) + get3(argv[0]) + get4(argv[0]) + get5(argv[0])
+      + get6(argv[0]) + get7(argv[0]) + get8(argv[0]) + get9(argv[0]) + get10(argv[0]);
+
+    return int(x);
+}
--- a/tests/bloat_analysis/main_ref.cpp
+++ b/tests/bloat_analysis/main_ref.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+
+double get(const char * input) {
+    double result_value;
+    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(input, input + strlen(input), result_value);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc()) { return 10; }
+    return result_value;
+}
+
+int main(int arg, char** argv) {
+    double x = get(argv[0]);
+    return int(x);
+}
--- a/tests/example_comma_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/example_comma_test.cpp
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
- 
+
 int main() {
    const std::string input =  "3,1416 xyz ";
    double result;
--- a/tests/example_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/example_test.cpp
@ -3,12 +3,78 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
- 
+
+
+bool many() {
+  const std::string input =   "234532.3426362,7869234.9823,324562.645";
+  double result;
+  auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) { return false; }
+  if(result != 234532.3426362) { return false; }
+  if(answer.ptr[0] != ',') { return false; }
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) { return false; }
+  if(result != 7869234.9823) { return false; }
+  if(answer.ptr[0] != ',') { return false; }
+  answer = fast_float::from_chars(answer.ptr + 1, input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) { return false; }
+  if(result != 324562.645) { return false; }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+void many_loop() {
+  const std::string input =   "234532.3426362,7869234.9823,324562.645";
+  double result;
+  const char* pointer = input.data();
+  const char* end_pointer = input.data() + input.size();
+
+  while(pointer < end_pointer) {
+    auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(pointer, end_pointer, result);
+    if(answer.ec != std::errc()) {
+        std::cerr << "error while parsing" << std::endl;
+        break;
+    }
+    std::cout << "parsed: " << result << std::endl;
+    pointer = answer.ptr;
+    if ((answer.ptr < end_pointer) && (*pointer == ',')) {
+      pointer++;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#if FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR
+// consteval forces compile-time evaluation of the function in C++20.
+consteval double parse(std::string_view input) {
+  double result;
+  auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
+  if(answer.ec != std::errc()) { return -1.0; }
+  return result;
+}
+
+// This function should compile to a function which
+// merely returns 3.1415.
+constexpr double constexptest() {
+  return parse("3.1415 input");
+}
+#endif
+
 int main() {
    const std::string input =  "3.1416 xyz ";
    double result;
    auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(), input.data()+input.size(), result);
    if((answer.ec != std::errc()) || ((result != 3.1416))) { std::cerr << "parsing failure\n"; return EXIT_FAILURE; }
    std::cout << "parsed the number " << result << std::endl;
+
+    if(!many()) {
+        printf("Bug\n");
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    many_loop();
+#if FASTFLOAT_IS_CONSTEXPR
+    if constexpr(constexptest() != 3.1415) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+#endif
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
--- a/tests/exhaustive32.cpp
+++ b/tests/exhaustive32.cpp
@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ void allvalues() {
      const char *string_end = to_string(v, buffer);
      float result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        abort();
      }
@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ void allvalues() {
      } else if (result_value != v) {
        std::cerr << "no match ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << v << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        abort();
      }
--- a/tests/exhaustive32_64.cpp
+++ b/tests/exhaustive32_64.cpp
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ bool basic_test_64bit(std::string vals, double val) {
  double result_value;
  auto result = fast_float::from_chars(vals.data(), vals.data() + vals.size(),
                                      result_value);
-  if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+  if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
    std::cerr << " I could not parse " << vals << std::endl;
    return false;
  }
@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ bool basic_test_64bit(std::string vals, double val) {
      std::cerr << vals << std::endl;
      std::cerr << "not nan" << result_value << std::endl;
      return false;
-    } 
+    }
  } else if(copysign(1,result_value) != copysign(1,val)) {
    std::cerr << "I got " << std::hexfloat << result_value << " but I was expecting " << val
              << std::endl;
-    return false; 
+    return false;
  } else if (result_value != val) {
    std::cerr << vals << std::endl;
    std::cerr << "I got " << std::hexfloat << result_value << " but I was expecting " << val
--- a/tests/exhaustive32_midpoint.cpp
+++ b/tests/exhaustive32_midpoint.cpp
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <stdexcept>

-#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__) 
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
 // Anything at all that is related to cygwin, msys and so forth will
 // always use this fallback because we cannot rely on it behaving as normal
 // gcc.
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ bool allvalues() {
    }
    uint32_t word = uint32_t(w);
    memcpy(&v, &word, sizeof(v));
-    if(std::isfinite(v)) { 
+    if(std::isfinite(v)) {
      float nextf = std::nextafterf(v, INFINITY);
      if(copysign(1,v) != copysign(1,nextf)) { continue; }
      if(!std::isfinite(nextf)) { continue; }
@ -90,7 +90,10 @@ bool allvalues() {

      float result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        return false;
      }
@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ bool allvalues() {
        std::cerr << "expected_midv " << std::hexfloat << expected_midv << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << midv << std::endl;
        std::cout << "round down to " << std::hexfloat << str_answer << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        return false;
      }
@ -132,8 +135,8 @@ bool allvalues() {

 inline void Assert(bool Assertion) {
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)  || defined(sun) || defined(__sun)
-  if (!Assertion) { std::cerr << "Omitting hard falure on msys/cygwin/sun systems."; }
-#else 
+  if (!Assertion) { std::cerr << "Omitting hard failure on msys/cygwin/sun systems."; }
+#else
  if (!Assertion) { throw std::runtime_error("bug"); }
 #endif
 }
--- a/tests/installation_tests/find/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/installation_tests/find/CMakeLists.txt
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)

-project(test_simdjson_install VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES CXX)
+project(test_install VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES CXX)

 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ find_package(FastFloat REQUIRED)
 file(WRITE main.cpp "
 #include \"fast_float/fast_float.h\"
 #include <iostream>
- 
+
 int main() {
    const std::string input =  \"3.1416 xyz \";
    double result;
@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ int main() {


 add_executable(repro main.cpp)
-target_link_libraries(repro PUBLIC FastFloat::fast_float)
+target_link_libraries(repro PUBLIC FastFloat::fast_float)
--- a/tests/long_exhaustive32.cpp
+++ b/tests/long_exhaustive32.cpp
@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ void allvalues() {
      const char *string_end = to_string(v, buffer);
      float result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        abort();
      }
@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ void allvalues() {
      } else if (result_value != v) {
        std::cerr << "no match ? " << buffer << " got " <<  result_value << " expected " << v << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << v << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        abort();
      }
--- a/tests/long_exhaustive32_64.cpp
+++ b/tests/long_exhaustive32_64.cpp
@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ void all_32bit_values() {
      const char *string_end = to_string(v, buffer);
      double result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        abort();
      }
@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ void all_32bit_values() {
      } else if (result_value != v) {
        std::cerr << "no match ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << v << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        abort();
      }
--- a/tests/long_random64.cpp
+++ b/tests/long_random64.cpp
@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ static fast_float::value128 g_lehmer64_state;
 * Society 68.225 (1999): 249-260.
 */

-static inline void lehmer64_seed(uint64_t seed) { 
+static inline void lehmer64_seed(uint64_t seed) {
  g_lehmer64_state.high = 0;
-  g_lehmer64_state.low = seed; 
+  g_lehmer64_state.low = seed;
 }

 static inline uint64_t lehmer64() {
@ -56,12 +56,16 @@ void random_values(size_t N) {
      const char *string_end = to_string(v, buffer);
      double result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        errors++;
        if (errors > 10) {
          abort();
        }
+        continue;
      }
      if (std::isnan(v)) {
        if (!std::isnan(result_value)) {
@ -79,7 +83,7 @@ void random_values(size_t N) {
      } else if (result_value != v) {
        std::cerr << "no match ? '" << buffer << "'" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << v << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        errors++;
        if (errors > 10) {
--- a/tests/long_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/long_test.cpp
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ bool test() {
    while((begin < end) && (std::isspace(*begin))) { begin++; }
    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(begin, end,
                                      result_value);
-    if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+    if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
      printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(end - begin), begin);
      std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
      return false;
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ bool test() {
  }
  if(begin != end) {
      std::cerr << " bad ending " << std::endl;
-      return false;    
+      return false;
  }
  return true;
 }
--- a/tests/powersoffive_hardround.cpp
+++ b/tests/powersoffive_hardround.cpp
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ bool tester() {
      double result_value;
      auto result =
          fast_float::from_chars(to_be_parsed.data(), to_be_parsed.data() + to_be_parsed.size(), result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cout << to_be_parsed << std::endl;
        std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
        return false;
--- a/tests/random64.cpp
+++ b/tests/random64.cpp
@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ static fast_float::value128 g_lehmer64_state;
 * Society 68.225 (1999): 249-260.
 */

-static inline void lehmer64_seed(uint64_t seed) { 
+static inline void lehmer64_seed(uint64_t seed) {
  g_lehmer64_state.high = 0;
-  g_lehmer64_state.low = seed; 
+  g_lehmer64_state.low = seed;
 }

 static inline uint64_t lehmer64() {
@ -59,12 +59,16 @@ void random_values(size_t N) {
      const char *string_end = to_string(v, buffer);
      double result_value;
      auto result = fast_float::from_chars(buffer, string_end, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      // Starting with version 4.0 for fast_float, we return result_out_of_range if the
+      // value is either too small (too close to zero) or too large (effectively infinity).
+      // So std::errc::result_out_of_range is normal for well-formed input strings.
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        std::cerr << "parsing error ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        errors++;
        if (errors > 10) {
          abort();
        }
+        continue;
      }
      if (std::isnan(v)) {
        if (!std::isnan(result_value)) {
@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ void random_values(size_t N) {
      } else if (result_value != v) {
        std::cerr << "no match ? " << buffer << std::endl;
        std::cout << "started with " << std::hexfloat << v << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl; 
+        std::cout << "got back " << std::hexfloat << result_value << std::endl;
        std::cout << std::dec;
        errors++;
        if (errors > 10) {
--- a/tests/random_string.cpp
+++ b/tests/random_string.cpp
@ -101,7 +101,12 @@ size_t build_random_string(RandomEngine &rand, char *buffer) {
    if (i == size_t(location_of_decimal_separator)) {
      buffer[pos++] = '.';
    }
-    buffer[pos++] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    buffer[pos] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    // We can have a leading zero only if location_of_decimal_separator = 1.
+    while(i == 0 && 1 != size_t(location_of_decimal_separator) && buffer[pos] == '0') {
+      buffer[pos] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    }
+    pos++;
  }
  if (rand.next_bool()) {
    if (rand.next_bool()) {
@ -178,7 +183,7 @@ bool tester(uint64_t seed, size_t volume) {
      double result_value;
      auto result =
          fast_float::from_chars(buffer, buffer + length, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(length), buffer);
        std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
        return false;
@ -201,7 +206,7 @@ bool tester(uint64_t seed, size_t volume) {
      float result_value;
      auto result =
          fast_float::from_chars(buffer, buffer + length, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(length), buffer);
        std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
        return false;
--- a/tests/rcppfastfloat_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/rcppfastfloat_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/**
+ * See https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rcppfastfloat/issues/4
+ */
+
+#define FASTFLOAT_ALLOWS_LEADING_PLUS 1
+#define FASTFLOAT_SKIP_WHITE_SPACE 1 // important !
+#include "fast_float/fast_float.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+bool eddelbuettel() {
+  std::vector<std::string> inputs = {"infinity",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v3.16227766016838 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v3 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "  1970-01-01",
+                                     "-NaN",
+                                     "-inf",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v2.82842712474619 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "nan",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v2.44948974278318 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "Inf",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v2 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "-infinity",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v0 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v1.73205080756888 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v1 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v1.4142135623731 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v2.23606797749979 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "1970-01-02  ",
+                                     " \r\n\t\f\v2.64575131106459 \r\n\t\f\v",
+                                     "inf",
+                                     "-nan",
+                                     "NaN",
+                                     "",
+                                     "-Inf",
+                                     "+2.2"};
+  std::vector<std::pair<bool, double>> expected_results = {
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, 3.16227766016838},
+      {true, 3},
+      {false, -1},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()},
+      {true, -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, 2.82842712474619},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()},
+      {true, 2.44948974278318},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, 2},
+      {true, -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, 0},
+      {true, 1.73205080756888},
+      {true, 1},
+      {true, 1.4142135623731},
+      {true, 2.23606797749979},
+      {false, -1},
+      {true, 2.64575131106459},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()},
+      {true, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()},
+      {false, -1},
+      {true, -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
+      {true, 2.2}};
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++) {
+    std::string &input = inputs[i];
+    std::pair<bool, double> expected = expected_results[i];
+    double result;
+    // answer contains a error code and a pointer to the end of the
+    // parsed region (on success).
+    auto answer = fast_float::from_chars(input.data(),
+                                         input.data() + input.size(), result);
+    if (answer.ec != std::errc()) {
+      std::cout << "could not parse" << std::endl;
+      if (expected.first) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    bool non_space_trailing_content = false;
+    if (answer.ptr != input.data() + input.size()) {
+      // check that there is no content left
+      for (const char *leftover = answer.ptr;
+           leftover != input.data() + input.size(); leftover++) {
+        if (!fast_float::is_space(uint8_t(*leftover))) {
+          non_space_trailing_content = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (non_space_trailing_content) {
+      std::cout << "found trailing content " << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    if (non_space_trailing_content) {
+      if (!expected.first) {
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    std::cout << "parsed " << result << std::endl;
+    if (!expected.first) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (result != expected.second) {
+      if (std::isnan(result) && std::isnan(expected.second)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      std::cout << "results do not match. Expected "<<  expected.second << std::endl;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main() {
+  if (!eddelbuettel()) {
+    printf("Bug.\n");
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
+  printf("All ok.\n");
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
--- a/tests/short_random_string.cpp
+++ b/tests/short_random_string.cpp
@ -97,7 +97,12 @@ size_t build_random_string(RandomEngine &rand, char *buffer) {
    if (i == size_t(location_of_decimal_separator)) {
      buffer[pos++] = '.';
    }
-    buffer[pos++] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    buffer[pos] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    // We can have a leading zero only if location_of_decimal_separator = 1.
+    while(i == 0 && 1 != size_t(location_of_decimal_separator) && buffer[pos] == '0') {
+      buffer[pos] = char(rand.next_digit() + '0');
+    }
+    pos++;
  }
  if (rand.next_bool()) {
    if (rand.next_bool()) {
@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ bool tester(uint64_t seed, size_t volume) {
      double result_value;
      auto result =
          fast_float::from_chars(buffer, buffer + length, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(length), buffer);
        std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
        return false;
@ -197,7 +202,7 @@ bool tester(uint64_t seed, size_t volume) {
      float result_value;
      auto result =
          fast_float::from_chars(buffer, buffer + length, result_value);
-      if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+      if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
        printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(length), buffer);
        std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
        return false;
--- a/tests/string_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/string_test.cpp
@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ float cygwin_strtof_l(const char* start, char** end) {

 inline void Assert(bool Assertion) {
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)  || defined(sun) || defined(__sun)
-  if (!Assertion) { std::cerr << "Omitting hard falure on msys/cygwin/sun systems."; }
-#else 
+  if (!Assertion) { std::cerr << "Omitting hard failure on msys/cygwin/sun systems."; }
+#else
  if (!Assertion) { throw std::runtime_error("bug"); }
 #endif
 }
@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ template <typename T>
 bool test() {
  std::string input = "0.1 1e1000 100000 3.14159265359  -1e-500 001    1e01  1e0000001  -inf";
  std::vector<T> answers = {T(0.1), std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity(), 100000, T(3.14159265359),  -0.0, 1,    10,  10, -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()};
+  std::vector<std::errc> expected_ec = {std::errc(), std::errc::result_out_of_range, std::errc(), std::errc(), std::errc::result_out_of_range, std::errc(), std::errc(), std::errc(), std::errc()};
  const char * begin = input.data();
  const char * end = input.data() + input.size();
  for(size_t i = 0; i < answers.size(); i++) {
@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ bool test() {
    while((begin < end) && (std::isspace(*begin))) { begin++; }
    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(begin, end,
                                      result_value);
-    if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+    if (result.ec != expected_ec[i]) {
      printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(end - begin), begin);
      std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
      return false;
@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ bool test() {
  }
  if(begin != end) {
      std::cerr << " bad ending " << std::endl;
-      return false;    
+      return false;
  }
  return true;
 }
@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ bool partow_test() {
    T result_value;
    auto result = fast_float::from_chars(st.data(), st.data() + st.size(),
                                      result_value);
-    if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+    if (result.ec != std::errc() && result.ec != std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
      printf("parsing %.*s\n", int(st.size()), st.data());
      std::cerr << " I could not parse " << std::endl;
      return false;
@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ int main() {
  std::cout << "32 bits checks" << std::endl;
  Assert(partow_test<float>());
  Assert(test<float>());
-  
+
  std::cout << "64 bits checks" << std::endl;
  Assert(partow_test<double>());
  Assert(test<double>());